The Berlin Conference Essays - Ethnic Groups In Burkina Faso

The Berlin Conference Socially, Africans are maybe the most assorted of any mainland's occupants, with a large number of ethnic gatherings and in excess of 1000 unique dialects. With bunches that regularly cross national limits and nonstop political changes, African national personality isn't as solid as racial ties or neighborhood family bunch gatherings. Dark Africans make up most of the mainland's populace, yet there are additionally huge populaces of Arabs, Asians, Europeans and Berbers. Networks territory from provincial societies in which the nourishments, religions, dress, ancestral jobs, and every day life have stayed unaltered for many years, to present day city situations, which include high rises, Western styles of dress and business, and a differing blend of social impacts. Music, workmanship, and writing are socially significant and unmistakable all through Africa, and have had impressive effect on different social orders the world over. During the time of Sudanic realms, the lives of most ranchers and fishers remained for all intents and purposes unaltered. Imported merchandise or extravagances were delighted in just by the decision classes: the ranchers lived in resource economies, compelled to intermittent expense gathering and infrequent slave attacks. Islam was related with the incredible urban focuses and was the religion of a portion of the decision classes and of the outside inhabitants. By the late fifteenth century, nonetheless, the Arabs started to attack, and during the mid-sixteenth century the Qadiriyya foundation, started to spread Islam all through the Western Sudan. Lines were toppled, and states were established that spread Islam to new zones. In the Hausa states, Shehu, a muslim educator, drove a revolt among the Fulani who somewhere in the range of 1804 and 1810 ousted the Hausa rulers and set up new traditions.

Production Operation Assignment

Task 6: PRICING a) Computation of Economic Value of a contribution Mercedes Benz is propelling its extravagance SUV (called the CDL class) in a market overwhelmed by Lexus GL. The CDL class utilizes diesel and gets 25 miles for each gallon. The Lexus model, evaluated at $48000, utilizes premium gasolene and acquires 20 miles for each gallon. Both the models should be overhauled yearly yet the CDL being a diesel motor requires yearly assistance that is costlier by $100. The life of a diesel motor is ordinarily longer †subsequently the leftover estimation of a multi year old CDL is evaluated to be $1600 higher than the Lexus. Expect (I) the normal expense of premium gasolene to be $3. 0 for every gallon (ii) the normal expense of diesel to be $3. 25 for every gallon (ii) the normal client travels 12000 miles for each year and (iii) there is no time rebate. What ought to be the cost of the CDL with the end goal that the financial estimation of Benz CDL over Lexus GL (during a multi year use skyline by a client) is totally appropriated by Mercedes Benz? The monetary estimation of CDL: Price of substitute=48000 Cost saving=(12000/20*3-12000/25*3. 25-100)=140 Revenue enhancing=residual value=1600+residual estimation of GL Use horizon=10 EV of CDL=48000+140*10+1600+residual estimation of GL=51000+residual estimation of GL The monetary estimation of GL: Price of substitute=XCost saving=(12000/25*3. 25-12000/20*3+100)=-140 Revenue enhancing=residual value=residual estimation of GL Use horizon=10 EV of GL=X+(- 140)*10+ leftover estimation of GL=X-1400+residual estimation of GL To make (51000+residual worth) equivalent (X-1400+residual estimation of GL) X ought to be 52400 So the cost of CDL ought to be lower than 52400 dollars to such an extent that the EV of CDL is higher than GL. b) Breakeven Analysis Nokia has chosen to produce a unique version cellphone called HiRide for the adolescent market one year from now that will be sold with Sprint’s remote help. For this telephone, Nokia’s variable assembling cost is $35 per phone.Fixed producing costs add up to $20 million and publicizing costs are normal at $6 million. Nokia will sell HiRide to retailers and pay its own sales reps a commission of $8 per telephone offered to the retailers. The retail value (I. e. , cost paid by the end client) of the item is $120 and retail edge commonly normal about 10%. (I) What is the cost at which Nokia offers to retailers? Accept that the cost is X, along these lines: X*(1+10%)=120 X=$109 (ii) What is Nokia’s commitment per unit deals for HiRide? Commitment per unit= P-VC=109-(35+8)=$66 (iii) What is Nokia’s breakeven volume?BE volume=FC/commitment per unit=? (20000000+6000000)/66=393939. 4? 393940 (iv) Nokia’s real deals in Year 1 ended up being 375000 units. Since the item didn't equal the initial investment, Nokia’s item director chose to lessen the commission offered to its sales reps in Year 2. Given the busines s volume, cost, and other fixed expenses continue as before as in Year 1, what amount ought to be the new commission so that HiRide makes back the initial investment in Year 2? Accept that it is X, in this way: The new commitment per unit would be 109-(35+X), which approaches 74-X BE volume =375000=FC/new commitment per unit=26000000/(74-X) So X =4. 76$

The InterviewPart 2

The InterviewPart 2 Not surprisingly, you all seem to be the most interested about how the interviewer will evaluate you in the process and what role the interview plays in selection so while I’d planned to start at the very beginningâ€"a very good place to start, I think I’ll have to start in the middle of the process instead. Most of the comments/questions I received last time had to do with what the ECs look for, what questions they ask and how they evaluate the student. I can’t cover all of it at once cuz it would just be too long but I’ll try to make a start here. There isn’t any one piece of your folder that will cause us to admit or not admit you. Instead it’s about the complete picture of who you are as a student, as an individual, and as a citizen of your world. You don’t make up for one part of the application with another but each adds another piece to the puzzle which when completed is the picture of you. There is no bad essay or bad interview report for as long as they are honest and reflective of who you are they are of value to us in the process. A number of students called me last year because they were afraid they had had a bad interview so wanted another one. Sadly, we don’t have enough ECs to allow everyone to try again but I do know that every time I checked with the EC about the interview they didn’t feel the interview had been bad at all and each one had great things to say about the student. During the interview ECs will ask you a serious of questions and most you will not be able to answer with a simple yes and no, but that’s a good thing. The more descriptive and complete your answer, the more fun the interview will be. They won’t ask you about your scores and grades but they will ask you about things you like about school or different activities and then they’ll ask you to tell them more about what you like best about the things you do. An EC told me recently that she was always looking for that subject that made the student’s eyes light up when they talk because that showed her what they found most interesting. I’m not saying we expect you to light up a room (although perhaps we could solve the energy crisis that way:-). Instead, just talk about those things that are of greatest interest to youâ€"the things you’d miss doing the most if you had to give them up. The downside of the admissions process is that we don’t as admissions officers get to meet each of you personally but instead only get to know you by what you and others write about you. The interview is one of the ways that we can personalize the information. ECs don’t make decisions about whether or not you are admitted to MIT nor do they tell us who we should and shouldn’t admit. Fortunately for them (and sometimes unfortunately for my colleagues and me) admissions officers have to do that. In fact, when you ask them what your chances of being admitted is, they just can’t tell you because all they know about you is what you tell them. We DON’T tell them anything else. So the best way to prepare for your interview is to plan to talk about yourself and the things you like. The EC will like you and you will like them. You already have lots in common. They love MIT as much as you do, or they wouldn’t be sitting there.

Thomas Hobbes And The Social Contract Theory - 1088 Words

The United States Constitution established America s national government and fundamental laws and guaranteed certain basic rights for its citizens it was signed on September 17th 1787 by delegates to the Constitution convention in Philadelphia presided over by George Washington. Although other countries have changed their Constitution over years the United States Constitution has been kept the same. The Leviathan, Two Treatises, and the Declaration of Independence serve as underpinnings of the Constitution to keep and protect our freedoms. Thomas Hobbes wrote the Leviathan in the early 1640 s. Hobbes Leviathan played a part of social contract theory. The social contract theory is a voluntary agreement among individuals that which organized society is brought it into being and invested with the right to secure a mutual protection and welfare to regulate the relations among its members. From this fundamental laws of nature by which men are commanded to devour peace is derived this se cond love that man be willing when others are so too as far as forecast for peace and defense of himself he shall think it s necessary to lay down the right to all things and be contented with so much of Liberty against other men as he would draw other men against himself. For as long as every man holdeth this right of doing anything liketh so long are all men in the condition of war. But if other men will not lay down their rights as well as the there is no reason for anyone toShow MoreRelatedSocial Contract Theory Thomas Hobbes2009 Words   |  9 PagesSocial contract theory, nearly as old as philosophy itself, is the view that person s moral and/or political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement among them to form the society in which they live. The Social Contract is largely associated with modern moral and political theory, and is given its first full exposition and defense by Thomas Hobbes in his piece, Leviathan. After Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques R ousseau are the best known proponents of this influential theoryRead MoreEssay on Thomas Hobbes and the Social Theory Contract597 Words   |  3 PagesPhilosopher, Thomas Hobbes and the Social Theory Contract for a clear understanding of the issues. The Social Contract Theory is the basis for the Declaration of Independence and the guiding theories for the Unite States Government as well as many other governments, such as the European Union, England and France, to name a few. The theory is about why people choose to give us some of their rights and powers in order to form a government. That government has a series of purposes. Thomas Hobbes theorizedRead MoreEssay on Thomas Hobbes Social Contract Theory982 Words   |  4 PagesIn Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes lays out the hypothetical principal of the state of nature, where human it-self is artificial. It is human nature that people will not be able to love permanently, everyone against everyone power between the strongest. In this nation-state you must be the strongest in order to survive (survival of the fittest). In order to survive there are laws we must follow, to insure of our security because of fear. We were able to suppress our fear, by creating order, to have moreRead MoreThomas Hobbes Social Contract Theory Essay895 Words   |  4 PagesThomas Hobbes creates a clear idea of the social contract theory in which the social contract is a collective agreement where everyone in the state of nature comes together and sacrifices all their liberty in return to security. â€Å"In return, the State promises to exercise its absolute power to maintain a state of peace (by punishing deviants, etc.)† So are the power and the ability of the state making people obey to the laws or is there a wider context to this? I am going to look at the differentRead MorePolitical And Social Contract Theory By Thomas Hobbes951 Words   |  4 PagesSocial contract theory refers to the view that peoples’ political and moral obligations are contingent on an agreement or contact among them to constitute a wholesome society where they can live in harmony. It is often associated with contemporary political and moral theory and was given the first comprehensive exposition by Thomas Hobbes. Hobbes was fearful of man’s violent and lawless nature, perhaps due to his experience during the Puritan revolution. He was of the conviction that self-preservationRead MoreThe Social Contract Theories Of Thomas Hobbes And John Locke1210 Words   |  5 PagesMahogany Mills Professor: Dr. Arnold Political Philosophy 4 February 2015 Compare and contrast the social contract theories of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke In the beginning of time, there was no government to regulate man. This caused a burden on society and these hardships had to be conquered, which is when a social contract was developed. The social contract theory is a model that addresses the questions of the origin of society and the legitimacy of the authority of the state over an individualRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke s Theory Of Social Contract Theory1449 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay, I argue contemporary social contract theory extends itself beyond politics and into philosophy, religion, and literature. I begin by defining social contract theory and explaining the different perspectives of English philosophers, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. From there, I will introduce Dostoyevsky’s work, Grand Inquisitor, and conduct an analysis of the relationships between the Grand Inquisitor and his subjects as well as Jesus and his followers. Using textual evidence and uncontroversialRead MoreThomas Hobbes and John L ockes Varying Presentations of the Social Contract Theory1499 Words   |  6 PagesBoth Thomas Hobbes and John Locke are well-known political philosophers and social contract theorists. Social Contract Theory is, â€Å"the hypothesis that one’s moral obligations are dependent upon an implicit agreement between individuals to form a society.† (IEP, Friend). Both Hobbes and Locke are primarily known for their works concerning political philosophy, namely Hobbes’ Leviathan and Locke’s Two Treatise of Government. Both works contain a different view of a State of Nature and lay out socialRead More Force, Morality and Rights in Thomas Hobbes and John Lockes Social Contract Theories1632 Words   |  7 Pagesand Rights in Thomas Hobbes and John Lockes Social Contract Theories Throughout history, the effects of the unequal distribution of power and justice within societies have become apparent through the failure of governments, resulting in the creation of theories regarding ways to balance the amount of power given and the way in which justice is enforced. Due to this need for change, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke created two separate theories in which the concept of a social contract is used to determineRead MoreThe Social Contract Theory Essay1249 Words   |  5 Pages1a. The Social Contract Theory According to the Social Contract Theory, it suggests that all individuals must depend on an agreement/ or contract among each person to form a society, in which they live in. The concept emphasizes authority over individuals, in other words, the social contract favors authority (e.g. the Sovereign) over the individuals, because men have to forfeit their personal right and freedom to the government, in exchange for protection and security, which I will further elaborate

Best Places to Study on a College Campus

Finding a place to study on a college campus can be a challenge. Even if youre lucky enough to use your room for periods of time without having your roommate barge in, you still might need a change of scenery from time to time. Any of these places to study on campus can do the trick! Libraries Look for nooks and crannies in the undergraduate library. See if you can rent a carrel or small study room. Head to a floor youve never been to before. Check out the stacks and find a small table pushed against a wall somewhere. There are undoubtedly little spaces you can find that will help you focus on the task(s) at hand. Head to the medical, business, or law library for a completely different scene. Nice furniture, quiet study rooms, and nicer digs are much more common here, and youll be less likely to bump into—and get distracted by—people you know. Check out the smaller libraries on campus. Many large schools have tiny libraries scattered around. Ask for a directory of libraries and find one that is small, not busy, and perfect for getting some work done. Coffee Shops If you work best with some background noise and a distraction now and then, not to mention easy access to food and drinks, the campus coffee shop may be a good bet. Outdoor Areas When the weather is nice, reading out on a lawn can be a great way to get some fresh air, clear your mind, and still get some work done. If youre worried about running into people you know, head to a part of campus you and your friends dont usually visit. Classrooms Check out empty classrooms. You dont have to be in class to take advantage of a nice classroom: if a room is unoccupied, feel free to claim it as your own and get to work. Utilize the campus computer labs. You dont have to be using a computer to take advantage of the quiet atmosphere that most labs provide. Grab your work, your laptop, and an empty seat at a table and enjoy the lack of noise and distraction. Other Areas Camp out in the dining hall during off hours. When everyone is free for lunch, the dining halls are totally chaotic. But between meals, they can be quiet and peaceful. Grab a snack and enjoy the large table space you wouldnt otherwise have access to. Head to larger venues that arent in use. Large theaters or music halls often arent in use all the time. Head to one of these areas for some quiet time in a place that can help free your mind from distraction. Reading Shakespeare in an empty theater may be just what you need to get into your assignment! Use a Tutoring or Learning Center Peek into a writing/resource/tutoring/learning center. Many campuses offer resources for students working on projects. Even if youre not meeting with any of the centers volunteers or staff members, see if you can work there for a few hours.

Huffman Trucking Free Essays

Huffman Trucking Infrastructure Assessment Huffman Trucking is first major freight carrier that has managed to grow tremendously over the past few years (Huffman Trucking, 2008). The company has 925 drivers, 425 support personnel, 800 road tractors, and 2100 trailers. The organization offers various customers base and distribution capacity. We will write a custom essay sample on Huffman Trucking or any similar topic only for you Order Now The mission of Huffman Trucking is to increase the profit and become a growing, and adaptable company. Huffman Trucking plans to leverage the automated information system, and technology to provide better customer service and business performance. Information System Infrastructure Huffman Trucking is a major transportation company that has four facilities around the country. The organization anticipated that knowledge worker information systems infrastructure requires improvement and to solve this problem, organization implemented enterprise resource planning (ERP) system. The infrastructure of Huffman Trucking is as follows: Networks The corporate office of Huffman Trucking is in Cleveland, Ohio. The organization uses Avaya Digital Phone System at Ohio and Missouri locations, and private branch exchange (PBX) and plain old telephone system (POTS) at New Jersey and California locations. The organization uses different workstations with wireless bar code, scanner, shipper, and telephone at Ohio. The location at California uses Nortel Digital Phone System that supports voice overIP (VOIP) connected to an Ethernet connection. The use of Avaya phone is very beneficial for small and mid-sized organizations (Caroll Communications, 2008). Network Protocols and Topologies Huffman Trucking uses different network protocols, to send and receive data, like IPX/SPX, and TCP/IP. Huffman Trucking employs star-ring topology, and token ring topology. The existing infrastructure of Huffman Trucking includes mix of networks. The organization implements local area network (LAN), and wide area network (WAN). The four locations of Huffman Trucking establish LAN locally and WAN supports the connectivity of its four locations. The LAN implements Internet and Intranet facility to perform business operations. Network Security The network security at Huffman Trucking involves backing up the data that allows copying critical business data. The organization also uses physical security that includes video monitoring, and biometrics protection. The organization developed in-house system to track the employees for operational and financial data. Information System Huffman Trucking implemented human resources information system (HRIS) that manages employees at enterprise level. The organization analyzes the data regarding new hires, and existing employees’ performance reviews. HRIS provides four functionalities including capturing employee personal information, maintaining state and federal level compliance procedures, capturing employee/labor relations information, and tracking the applicants. HRIS system provides the organization a central place to capture, access, and keep employees’ and applicants’ records. Issues and Opportunities Huffman Trucking information system allows performing daily tasks. The information system provides the functionality for distributing, receiving, and tracking information. The information system also provides processes for sales, service, vehicle maintenance, ordering, scheduling, contracting, general ledger, and payroll. The problems of the information system include downtime, and incorrect information. The problems of information system result into severe issues such as wrong payroll, maintenance logs, and improper customer tracking. These problems affect organizational performance, and cause penalties. The management fears that the rapid growth, and the problems can result into loses, and thus resulting in not meeting the future needs of the organization. To meet the requirements, management has implemented ERP that integrates all the processes of the organization. ERP also integrate all the four locations, and the business components like customer ordering, tracking the order, generating the bill, order delivery, distribution, and after sales service (Huffman Trucking, 2008). Huffman Trucking plans to track the vehicles with tracking devices. The tracking devices enables the organization to measure, analyze freight delivery, and performances. The tracking device ensures accurate delivery time, and tracking shipments on the way. The database at Huffman Trucking will allow capturing, and maintaining the information at its four locations. The database will also support the workers by providing the ability to track the trucks like when a truck requires maintenance work. The database can also capture the information generated from tracking devices and can help drivers to complete tasks on time. Huffman Trucking can make use of distance information and distribution schedule to guarantee the shipments. The trucks can have scheduled maintenance and can avoid problems due to non-maintenance. The database will help in maintaining records, inventory information, and vendor related ordering at appropriate time. Huffman Trucking plans to develop an information system, and database that suffice the requirements. Huffman Trucking plans to become a warehousing delivery supplier with providing the shipments just in time (Huffman Trucking, 2008). The implementation of just in time shipments, ERP, and vehicle tracking devices can enable Huffman Trucking to provide abilities to knowledge workers to improve its service. Huffman Trucking looks forward to improve productivity, better management and customer satisfaction with its connectivity between locations. To sustain company’s growth and focus on the customers, Huffman Trucking should build an understanding of decision-making process of customers. The company can avail the opportunity to initiate a customer audit that allows tracking of orders from ordering to shipment, and delivery. If Huffman Trucking has automated processes, and required information system then knowledge workers can manage the productive outcomes. Knowledge workers employ the automated systems effectively with the help of better decision-making, and appropriate infrastructure. Huffman Trucking future policies, designs, and practices can help in accomplishing the goals and objectives of the organization. Conclusion Huffman Trucking recognized that organization has facing severe problem with the increase in business. To meet the challenges, company has decided to implement an ERP that will ensure integration of business operations. The ERP will automate the business processes like customer ordering, tracking the order, generating the bill, order delivery, distribution, and after sales service. Vehicle tracking device can ensure accurate delivery time, and tracking shipments on the way. The tracking devices enable the organization to measure performances, and provide freight delivery analysis. References Huffman Trucking (2008). Huffman trucking. Virtual Organizations. Retrieved from https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/cist/vop/Business/PortBus. htm Carroll Communications (2008). Avaya Business Telephone Systems. Retrieved from http://www. carrollcommunications. com/ How to cite Huffman Trucking, Papers

Marketing Strategy and Plan Pizza and Halal

Question: Describe about the Marketing Strategy and Plan for Pizza and Halal. Answer: Part 2: SWOT Analysis Factors Expansion Strength Hygienic and healthy pizzas of Amigos pari pari are extremely popular to its customers. Customers can avail fast service and quick delivery of their foods The customers can avail wide ranges of pizza specialties like tandoori chicken, amigo special and meat lovers. Halal Pizzas are special attraction to the customers (Amigosparipari.com.au 2016). Leader in online and mobile ordering system attracts customers Options of customizing the topping are special attraction to the customers. Efficient and effective supply chain management helps in maintaining the image of the organization (Bernhardt et al. 2013). Weakness High calories and fat of the foods may not be healthy for health conscious people. The franchise management of the organization is not highly effective causing ineffective customer service Unavailability of skilled employees lack in providing innovative ideas towards new product launch The rate of employee turnover is extremely high due to lack of effective training and development program (Pettigrew et al. 2012). Opportunities Online and mobile ordering system enhance the efficient of home delivery option Product diversification in term of burgers and pizzas attracts different types of customers The organization is intended to introduce new flavored pizzas toppings as per the needs of specific regions. Pizzas are available in different sizes and customer can buy the pizzas as per their choice. Venture into new market Growing presence into new market like Brunswick West, Fitzroy North, Pascoe Vale and Moreland leads to increasing sales (Morley et al. 2013). Threats Intensive competition among the competitors like Dominos, Pizza Hut and McDonalds are creating huge challenge for the organization (Watson et al. 2016). Health conscious people are unwilling to buy the pizzas having high calories and fat. The increasing prices of specific ingredients like Cheese used in the pizzas are creating pressure on the organization. Table 1: SWOT Analysis of Amigos pari pari (Source: Smithers, Merlin and Lynch 2013) Marketing Objectives SMART Objectives Objectives Explanation Specific Amigos pari pari is intended to create effective promotional plan for expansion and recognition in the market. The organization has decided to expand in the market of Queensland, Brisbane, Tasmania and Gold Coast. In this way, they are also intended to change their promotional plan for attracting the customers in the new markets. Measurable The effectiveness of the promotional plan would be calculated through increasing rate of sales. Apart from that, the organization can also measure their promotional plan through the degree of market penetration (Jenkin et al. 2014). While, the organization would realize that their customers are likely to repeat their purchase in their stores, it would signify the effectiveness of the promotional plan. Achievable A series of market research would be arranged for the identifying the customer acceptance of the Pizza in the new markets. The organizations have huge number of dedicated and hardworking employees, who will be willing to achieve the organizational success (Pettigrew et al. 2013). Apart from that, sufficient amount of capital invested in the promotional plan will surely achieve the motto of the promotional plan. Realistic The employees of the organization are highly dedicated to their job role. Therefore, they would surely consider the organizational goal as their individual goal. The organization likes to expand their business in new markets for enhancing their sales. Therefore, revised and attractive promotional plan would surely attract the new customers by understanding their needs (Pettigrew et al. 2015). Apart from that, the achievement of organization goal would surely enhance the career goals of the individual employees. Therefore, they are more likely to achieve the organizational goals. Timely Amigos pari pari is has decided to achieve this objective within next 1 year. Furthermore, the organization is intended to achieve 50% of their goals within 6 months of the coming year. The organization would take the initiative of the promotional activities from now for enhancing their level of market penetration. Table 2: SMART Objectives of Amigos pari pari (Source: Jenkin et al. 2014) Target Market Factors Explanation Segmentation Demographic Age: 18-65 Income: AU$ 300- AU$ 350 Occupation: Student, Service Holders, Corporate officials Marital Status: Both Single and Married Psychographic People do not have much brand consciousness would be the customers of the organization, as it not have strong brand image. People having modern lifestyle would be the customers of the organization. Service and corporate holder, who have less time to invest in eating foods, would be the customers. They would be interested to buy such ready foods in their off time. People want to have healthier life would be the customers, as they always like of have hygienic foods. People having moderate lifestyle would be the customers and it is not customized for high-end customers. Behavioral People, who like to have discounts and offers in the product they buy would be customers of the organization. People, who want extra benefits from the foods they buy would be the customers of the organization. Target Both young and aged people would be the customers of the organization. Students and professionals, who like to have temporary foods in their off time, would like to have this Pizzas The hygienic pizzas would be customized for the healthy conscious people Both middle and upper middle class people would be the customers of the organization Corporate officials and other service holder having modern and sophisticated lifestyle would be under the target group of the organization Positioning Amigos pari pari is highly popular for its halal Pizza, which may not be available in other pizza stores. The prices of the pizzas are quite moderate and therefore, most of the middle class and upper middle class people can afford this pizza. Variety in the pizzas also attracts different group of people. The organization customizes the toppings of the pizzas as per the needs of the customers. It also provides pizza toppings as per the choice of the regions. Apart from that, the pizzas of this organization are available at online sites. Therefore, the customer can order their pizzas and get delivery of pizzas by sitting at their home. The pizzas are also available at different sizes and customers can choose any pizza as per their needs. Table: Target Market of Amigos pari pari (Source: Smithers, Merlin and Lynch 2013) Reference List Amigosparipari.com.au. 2016. Amigos Pari Pari, Coburg - Pizza Halal takeaway restaurant. [online] Available at: https://www.amigosparipari.com.au/ [Accessed 17 Oct. 2016]. Bernhardt, A.M., Wilking, C., Adachi-Mejia, A.M., Bergamini, E., Marijnissen, J. and Sargent, J.D., 2013. How television fast food marketing aimed at children compares with adult advertisements.PLoS One,8(8), p.e72479. Jenkin, G., Madhvani, N., Signal, L. and Bowers, S., 2014. A systematic review of persuasive marketing techniques to promote food to children on television.Obesity reviews,15(4), pp.281-293. Morley, B., Scully, M., Martin, J., Niven, P., Dixon, H. and Wakefield, M., 2013. What types of nutrition menu labelling lead consumers to select less energy-dense fast food? An experimental study.Appetite,67, pp.8-15. Pettigrew, S., Jongenelis, M., Quester, P., Chapman, K. and Miller, C., 2015. Dimensions of parents attitudes to unhealthy foods and beverages.Food Quality and Preference,44, pp.179-182. Pettigrew, S., Pescud, M., Rosenberg, M., Ferguson, R. and Houghton, S., 2012. Public support for restrictions on fast food company sponsorship of community events.Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition,21(4), pp.609-617. Pettigrew, S., Tarabashkina, L., Roberts, M., Quester, P., Chapman, K. and Miller, C., 2013. The effects of television and Internet food advertising on parents and children.Public health nutrition,16(12), pp.2205-2212. Smithers, L.G., Merlin, T.L. and Lynch, J.W., 2013. The impact of industry self-regulation on television marketing of unhealthy food and beverages to Australian children.Medical Journal of Australia,199, pp.148-149. Watson, W.L., Brunner, R., Wellard, L. and Hughes, C., 2016. Sponsorship of junior sport development programs in Australia.Australian and New Zealand journal of public health,40(4), pp.326-328.

Engineering Ethics and Industrial Accidents

Introduction to Innovation in Organisations Innovation, as defined by Mariany (2013), refers to the creation of something new, something that did not exist before. The new creation can be an idea, a device, or even a method of doing something.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Engineering Ethics and Industrial Accidents specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the business world, the creation involves the definition of new products and services availed in the market. Innovation gives the organisation an advantage over its competitors as it may serve to add value to the entity’s already existing products. In this paper, the author will analyse the link between engineering ethics and industrial accidents. Innovation among organisations is closely related to engineering. As such, it is important to analyse how such engineering is related to occurrences in the workplace, specifically within an industrial setting. Th e Innovation Sequence The Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering [AATSE] (2013), provides a working definition of the innovation cycle. The first step in the cycle is idea generation. When an innovator comes up with an idea, he or she then conducts a research on how best the idea can work and how the intended users will receive it. Ideas do not necessarily need to be new. They can involve a combination of old and new ways of thinking, or just an improvement of an old idea. An enthusiastic innovator will see an idea to high commercial heights by improving the quality of their product, hence attracting new buyers and creating new opportunities. The second component in this cycle is service. The component entails communication with customers. After the introduction of a new product or service into the market, innovators should be available to provide adequate information to the customers with regard to their products. The staff should be able to provide after sale s services through brochures, manuals, training sessions, and hotline numbers. Support for customers helps build loyalty with service providers. In the long run, loyalty opens new markets and improves the quality of the products and services distributed. The improvement is achieved through the incorporation of complaints, suggestions, and feedback from customers (Mariany, 2013).Advertising Looking for report on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Advertising and customer enlightenment is the third factor. Innovators should have an idea on the type of market they are targeting. Research should be carried out to establish what exactly the customers expect from the products. Such information will enable the designers to come up with the best methods of promoting the product before it is introduced into the market. Advertisement choices could include print media, television, or the radio (AATSE, 2013). The fourth componen t is production. The manufacturing process needs a constant supply of raw materials. The materials are turned into a useful form and packaged, ready for consumption. Production can be done in bulk, which calls for quality assurance checks during processing. Quality assurance is done at various steps in the production process and finally on the finished product to ensure that the products are of high quality and safe for human consumption (Campbell, 2012). The production process requires a very large sum of capital to start and to introduce innovation. In technological development, engineers and other professionals research on different ways of making an idea work. The research involves such processes as experimenting with different materials or methods of carrying out tasks before deciding on the best to use (Lucian, 2009). The researchers may also test how different materials behave under different environmental conditions, such as the properties of a certain substance under varied temperatures. Development works hand in hand with the research team under the roof of research and development (RD). The research team tries to find out what the customers want, while the development team tries to incorporate the findings into the products available. However, the exercise is very expensive (Sanjit et al., 2011).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Engineering Ethics and Industrial Accidents specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The product design, which is the seventh factor, determines how the appearance, packaging, and usage of the product. Design should meet the desire of the customers. The designer should understand that customers prefer products that are attractive to look at and efficient with regard to functionality. It is important to protect the product and new innovations. To this end, the innovator should apply for patent rights and copyrights for their creation. Secrecy and registration of the innovation is also very crucial. Intellectual property rights are very important. They safeguard the rights of the innovator as they actualise or commercialise their idea. The last factor is resources. For the planned innovation project to succeed, an innovator should secure resources and manage them effectively. Resources include labour, skill, capital, and the necessary facilities. Resources are secured through loans and royalties from licensing organisations (Sedgwick, 2011). Labour is a crucial part of the innovation system. It should provide the innovator with skills and expertise needed for the success of the project. In addition, securing appropriate facilities and managing them properly will go a long way in ensuring that the innovative project succeeds. Causes of Industrial Accidents Studying the causes of accidents in the various manufacturing industries provides the engineer with a suitable platform to come up with (innovate) the best ways to deal with potential disas ters. Horacio (2000) analyses various causes of industrial accidents. The first involves human error. Human error comes about when personnel operate a machine without adhering to proper safety procedures, creating a health hazard. Another problem brought about by human error is lack of proper training. Employees should be well trained with regard to safety measures before commencing work on industrial plants. The second cause is defects in the manufacturing process. To this end, the operator may skip a step in the process, leading to disastrous consequences. Lastly, accidents can occur due to lack of a proper maintenance schedule. The management may fail to carry out maintenance procedures on equipment used regularly, resulting to damages that may have undesirable long term effects (Schaack, 2003).Advertising Looking for report on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The International Labour Office [ILO] (2001) provides other causes of accidents in industries. One of them is component failure. The failure can result from inappropriate design of components. Such components cannot stand chemical processes or mechanical exertion. Mechanical damage can lead to the failure of the components and malfunction of the control and safety devices. The other cause of accidents is deviation from the routine operational procedure. Failure to monitor parameters like temperature, pressure or mixing ratios could yield disaster. External accidental interferences may also lead to industrial accidents. The interferences may result from transportation of hazardous compounds, hazardous neighbouring installations, and mechanical problems. There are also natural causes of accidents. Industrial accidents can be brought about by natural disasters, such as strong winds, floods, earthquakes, frost, extreme sunshine, and lightning. Prevention of Industrial Accidents Accident s are inevitable in industries, just like in any other place. The accidents lead to loss of lives, damage to property, and environmental degradation. There are many types of accidents. Based on their cause, some accidents can actually be prevented by an engineer. Such accidents include chemical explosions, nuclear explosions, and mine explosions among others (Vernon, 2009). The ILO Code of Practice, which was formulated in 1991, suggests that accidents in industries can be prevented by preparing a safety report. The report provides information on, among others, technical details on the design of the installation and how it is operated. The report is prepared by an engineer and highlights safety management measures and details on installation hazards. The report analyses the best to prevent accidents and how to deal with them in case they occur. Suggested Measures One of the suggested measures involves component design. The engineer should ensure that the components chosen for the va rious processes in the plant are able to withstand the conditions of the reactions. The conditions may include, among others, temperature fluctuations, high pressures, corrosion, as well as static and dynamic forces. Evaluating the manufacture of the components is another preventive measure. The engineers should ensure that the manufacture of the components used in the plant is done under the right conditions and meet the quality assurance standards. The management of the plant should select a well known manufacturer for the job. The management should visit the manufacturer when they are designing the component to ensure quality measures are undertaken. The report should be documented for further referencing. Assembly and installation is another suggested measure. The assembly of the components on the site should be carried out under the right conditions and by skilled personnel. The components should be inspected by experts during the assembly. Decisions on whether parts of the com ponents should be replaced or repaired in case of failures in the long run should be made at this stage. Tests on the functions of the machines and their safety devices are also carried out at this stage. Process control ensures that the operation is maintained within the designated limits. The control includes alarm systems, shut down procedures, manual and automatic operational information, and safety systems. Process variables, such as temperature, pressure, and mixing ratios are provided in the process control manuals. A safety system is another component of the suggested preventive measures. The system adopted solely depends on the hazards posed by and to the plant. The system includes controllers and sensors that are useful in monitoring changes in temperature, pressure, rates of flow among other variables. In case of change in temperatures, the monitors act to cool the system. Pressure valves come into play in case of a rise in pressure levels. The whole system may shut down in case of an emergency. Power sources, such as electricity, which are connected to the safety system, should be closely monitored. The engineer should ensure that there is an alternative means of powering the plant in case one source fails. The engineers should also prevent the failure of safety related components by, among others, embracing diversity. To this end, different systems carry out the same task. The engineers may also engage in redundancy, where a number of similar components perform the same task. The sensors should come into play in case of a malfunction in the system. The management should install such components as water jets or sprays, detector activator systems, and foam generators. The components act to limit the impacts of accidents in case they occur. A major cause of industrial accidents is human error. Such accidents are prevented by clearly labelling materials. The accidents can also be prevented by properly labelling switches and other operative devices. Op erational communication devices aid in passing down information in the organisation. The information further averts accidents brought about by human error. Monitoring enhances safety and should be carried out frequently, especially on the safety related components in the plant. The tasks in this case include confirming the operational status of the safety tools, both in the control room and on the site. The tasks also include observing the functionality of the safety components’ source of power, such as electricity, and checking for corrosion in the equipment used in the plant. Inspection, maintenance, and repair should be carried out regularly in the plant. Inspection schedules should be made by experts. Repair should be conducted by skilled personnel. Maintenance requires qualified engineers at definite intervals. The processes should be filed for future reference. Change management should be encouraged. New equipment, methods, and technologies are evaluated before incorpor ation into the plant’s operations. Their safety should be determined and the working procedures documented for future reference. Training of workers should be carried out. Human error is a major cause of industrial accidents as already indicated in this report. It can be managed by educating personnel on how to safely operate the equipment before commencing production. Such training include educating workers on the installation process as a whole, the materials and reagents used in the process, the risks posed by the materials, as well as start-up and shut down procedures. Safety training should be a continuous process. The effectiveness of such trainings should be evaluated regularly. Supervision of employees should be encouraged. The personnel responsible for this job should be competent and experienced. References Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering. (2013). The innovation cycle. Web. Campbell, A. C. (2012). Industrial accidents. Indiana: Indiana U niversity. Horacio, G. (2000). What are the causes of industrial accidents?. Retrieved from https://www.ehow.com/ International Labour Office. (2001). Prevention of major industrial accidents: An ILO contribution to the International Programme on Chemical Safety of UNEP, the ILO and WHO (IPCS). Geneva, Switzerland: UN. Lucian, W. C. (2009). Causes and prevention of accidents in the iron and steel industry(1919): Technology and engineering. London: Government Printing Office. Mariany, P. P. (2013). Industrial accidents. London: Free Press. Sanjit, R., Prassun, D., Bidyut, K. (2011). Prevention of industrial accidents by six sigma approach. International Journal of Six Sigma, 12(2), p.196. Schaack, D. (2003). Safeguard for the prevention of industrial accidents. Connecticut: Hartford Company. Sedgwick, S. (2011). Australian public sector innovation plan. Web. Vernon, H. M. (2009). The causes and prevention of industrial accidents. New York: U.S National Library of Medicine. This report on Engineering Ethics and Industrial Accidents was written and submitted by user Kayleigh Larsen to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How effective were the Conservative of 1979 Essays

How effective were the Conservative of 1979 Essays How effective were the Conservative of 1979 Essay How effective were the Conservative of 1979 Essay How effectual were the Conservative Governments of 1979 to 1997 in footings of the territorial direction of Scotland and Wales? Broadly speech production, the Conservative Governments’ territorial direction of Scotland and Wales during the period 1979 to 1997 was really similar to the disposal of England. A dominant political doctrine of laissez faire was prevailing across the UK at the clip that kept province intercession to a bare lower limit, allowing alternatively the pre?eminence of the free market in finding official policy. Yet the unusual degrees of protest witnessed in both Scotland and Wales as Tory regulation progressed points to a different truth, one that concealed an underlying antipathy towards the national parts of Britain emanating from the bosom of the Westminster decision?making procedure. For the intents of the following survey a chronological attack must be adopted that efforts to chart the altering attitudes in Tory policy towards Wales and Scotland during the period 1979?1997. A decision will be sought that efforts to demo that external factors kept the joint issues of Wales and Scotland at the head of the domestic political clime, in malice of Tory attempts to hush those voices in favor of federalism and degeneration. The most of import issue confronting the parts of Wales and Scotland in 1979 was without uncertainty the inquiry of degeneration. In March of 1979 referenda were held in Scotland and Wales, which were finally defeated in both states ; by an overpowering bulk of four to one in Wales, while the Scots ballot failed to give the necessary 40 % required for the degeneration procedure. Andrew Marr ( BBC Online: foremost viewed 09/01/06 ) highlights the grounds for the widespread failure of degeneration during the last parliament of the old Labour Party. â€Å"In 1979 degeneration carried the stigma of a failing authorities. It had been imposed on a dubious party by a London leading for strictly electoral grounds. It had been legislated for in a fog of internal dissent and confusion. It was campaigned for by divided parties at a clip of economic chaos.† The issue was therefore far from resolved when, two months subsequently in May 1979, Margaret Thatcher came to power, announcing the terminal of Labour’s compulsion with degeneration that had constituted the primary argument in British Parliament during the 1970’s. The Conservatives made it instantly clear that calls for degeneration would be deleted from Whitehall policy programmes. The Tories have historically been the more patriot of the two major parties of Britain, dating back to the chauvinistic electoral runs of Benjamin Disraeli in the 1870’s. As such, constructs designed at interrupting up the United Kingdom ran against traditional Tory policy. This set the Conservatives at logger?heads with the patriots of Scotland and Wales, making an implicit in tenseness that neer dissipated. Thatcher’s first term was dominated by an expansionist foreign policy and the aggressive acceptance of US?style capitalist economy that led to wildly fluctuating rates of involvement and uneven forms of employment distribution across the UK, hitting a low grade of over three million unemployed in the early 1980’s. Some of the worst hit countries were in Scotland and Wales, peculiarly the coal?dependent Rhondda Valley in South Wales. Yet attending was systematically diverted off from regional societal jobs. The Falklands War in 1982 deflected attending farther off from domestic policy, exacerbated by a right wing imperativeness that dwelled excessively long on the struggle with Argentina. The on-going run against the IRA likewise reached its zenith during this disruptive clip. Furthermore, aside from international concerns, the paradigm of province intercession was an bete noire to Conservatives after 1979. Thatcher’s Government alternatively embraced the ideals of neo?liberalism which was, by definition, non concerned with patriotism and the inherently socialist angles adopted by the Scottish and Welsh politicians. It was a authorities policy that demanded a free reign for the unfastened economic market, decreeing in the procedure that inordinate province intercession had been responsible for the financial breakabilities of the old decennary. As a consequence, between 1979 and 1983, Wales and Scotland were omitted from the full national argument to such an extent that even Labour felt it necessary to go forth out degeneration from its Party Manifesto for the 1983 General Election. Conservative territorial direction of these countries was hence appropriately missing in mawkishness during these old ages. However, throughout 1983 and beyond, the issue of Wales and Scotland was an progressively combative irritants in the side for Thatcher’s 2nd term as unemployment and the closing of heavy industry badly increased tensenesss in certain cardinal electoral pockets. The widespread work stoppages of 1984, which included 1000s of dissatisfied Scottish and Welsh mineworkers, meant that the Tories were unable to disassociate themselves from the parts as they would hold preferred to hold done. Regional aid had to be maintained in malice of nucleus Conservative desires to bow to the caprice of the free market economic system. Consequently, public financess were made available for the care of public substructures in Wales and Scotland and the proviso of capital grants to private industry were approved in the parts to buffer the radioactive dust from the lifting rates of unemployment. The cumulative effects of unequal rates of rising prices set against rates of involvement meant that, simi larly, lodging jobs were peculiarly acute in countries such as Glasgow and the South Wales Valleys. As a effect, the Tories could non release their involvement in the territorial direction of Scotland and Wales during Thatcher’s 2nd term, as Alan Butt Philip ( 1996:4 ) explains. â€Å"The Thatcher authoritiess neer wholly derelict regional policy. They proved fearful of using their economic doctrine to the full in this country, and they were trapped by go oning EC financess for regional development being tied to co-finance by UK cardinal or local authorities. After major reappraisals of regional policy in 1983 and 1988, the ‘social’ justification for regional policy was accepted, but the budget for regional grants continued to be cut in existent footings, and the countries eligible to have such grants greatly reduced in size.† The cardinal alteration in Tory policy in Wales and Scotland was hence triggered by the turning adulthood and economic duty of the EC. Rather than looking as a symbolic organic structure politic, the EC, during the 1980’s, became a cardinal participant in the distribution of regional assistance throughout the European political umbrella. Mentioning to Articles 92 and 94 of the EEC Treaty, the EC demanded that national authoritiess should non falsify economic competition within its boundary lines, which meant greater assistance for countries such as Strathclyde. Furthermore, the constitution of the European Regional Development Fund ( ERDF ) significantly affected the economic predicament of agribusiness in the countryside countries of Scotland and Wales and altered the construct of province assistance henceforth. It can be seen that Conservative policy during the 2nd half of the 1980’s with respects to the disposal of Scotland and Wales was one of economic development, integrating lodging, employment and instruction, much of it imposed against the will of the authorities. The topic of degeneration did look on the Labour Manifesto of the 1987 General Election but there was a discernable deficiency of support, peculiarly in Wales where frights of a nationalist trespass of any proposed parliament meant that the electorate remained opposed to greater powers for regional authorities. It should be noted, nevertheless, that the deficiency of popular support for degeneration did non compare to mass support for the Tory Party in Wales and Scotland. Steadily, over the class of the 1980’s, electoral support dwindled in the two national parts. The overall tapestry of electoral support was neer geared towards Conservative support in the first topographic point but, by the terminal of the 1980’s, the Tories held really few seats in either Wales or Scotland, fewer still in the most populated, urbanized parts. Indeed, the full Tory reign was everlastingly tainted with its image of viciously enforcing free market rules on an unwilling local public in these countries. As Blake and John ( 2003:73 ) put it, utilizing this policy, â€Å"to cure the British disease with socialism was like seeking to bring around leukemia with leeches.† Thatcher, in peculiar, became even more unpopular when, in 1989, she ushered through steps to present the Poll Tax in Scotland, one twelvemonth before the same economic program was set to be introduced in England and Wales. The move led to claims of the Conservatives utilizing Scotland as a testing land. The step of the success of the territorial direction of any free democratic state is ever noticeable in the electoral support of the party in power and there is no greater indictment refering the widespread failure of Conservative regional policy than the 1992 presentation in favor of Scots independency, as George Rosie ( 1999:12 ) inside informations. â€Å"Scotland seemed to run out of forbearance. A feeling of aggravation was in the air. In December 1992 while the European Council of Ministers were run intoing in Holyrood House the place regulation motion staged a street demonstration†¦ in the event more than 25000 people gathered under the Calton Hill.† This move telegraphed a cardinal displacement in attitudes towards degeneration and place regulation within UK boundary lines, assisted by Thatcher’s surrender in 1990. By the mid?1990’s, the Tories were going as unpopular in England as they had been in Wales and Scotland since 1979, though few, 20 old ages earlier, could hold foreseen the consequences of the 1997 election, which Black ( 2004:203 ) explains. â€Å"In the 1997 general election, the Conservatives lost all their Scots ( for the first clip ) and Welsh seats: the prostration of their place was structural, non the consequence of merely tactical voting.† Decision Via a ample political displacement to the centre?right, New Labour has become a close relation of Thatcherism, meted out in wellness, instruction, employment and foreign dealingss policies. Unlike Labour authoritiess of the yesteryear, the modern-day Blair embodiment has blurred the traditional demarcating lines between Tories and Labour with the consequence that many New Labour policies are seen as continuances of Conservative policies of the period 1979 to 1997. Merely via analysis of the territorial direction of Scotland and Wales can the gulf in attitudes between the Conservatives and New Labour be to the full understood. The Tories, peculiarly under Thatcher, regarded the issue of place regulation as anachronic, believing that the hereafter of the UK ballad in greater solidarity in the face of increasing calls to incorporate more to the full with the European Union. This led to a economical policy of territorial direction in the parts that relied upon the primacy of neo?liberal penchants with respects to the free market economic system. This path was inherently at odds with the fabric, fabrication and coal industries that constituted the pulse of the old embodiments of Scotland and Wales and seldom, if of all time, did the two waies meet. Bibliography Black, J. ( 2004 )Britain since the Seventiess: Politicss and Society in the Consumer AgeLondon: Reaktion Blake, S. and John, A. ( 2003 )The World Harmonizing to Margaret ThatcherLondon: Michael O’Mara Mitchell, J. ( 1990 )Conservatives and the Union: Study of Conservative Party Attitudes towards ScotlandEdinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Reitan, R.A. ( 1997 )Tory Radicalism: Margaret Thatcher, John Major and the Transformation of Modern Britain, 1979?1997London: Rowman A ; Littlefield Sherman, A. and Garnett, M. ( Eds. ) ( 2005 )The Paradoxes of Power: Contemplations on the ThatcherInterlude London: Imprint Media Rosie, G. ( 4 April1999 )Scotland’s Journey to Self-government: the Long and Winding Road to Holyrood, quoted in,Scots Sunday Herald Diaries Butt Philip, A. ( 1996 ) ,Regionalism in the United Kingdom, quoted in,Europa Journal, Number 4, Article 4Exeter: Mind Web sites Marr, AndrewScotland: the State of the Union, Politics and Devolution, quoted in, BBC Online ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bbc.co.uk/stateofnation/scotland/politics

Crime Scene Investigation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Crime Scene Investigation - Essay Example In particular, the paper considers three data sets - paper forms, labelled buttons and speech recognition data - and investigates how comparative study of these found at a crime scene can assist in the preparation of the irrefutable warrant. It uses a methodology based on the advice of experts and one that is not very singular in itself. It finds that such methodology, though not exclusive to the paper, is sufficient basis for establishing the three data sets - paper forms, labelled buttons and speech recognition data - as reliable and integral enough to subsequently establish an irrefutable warrant. It is true that it is not always to be expected that these data sets alone can be the sole basis for such warrants but it is firmly established that these data sets, in association with other data sets found on the crime scene, if comprehensive enough, can certainly assist most admirably in establishing an irrefutable warrant, establishing an irrefutable basis for the exhibits and the su bsequent claim. This paper investigates how evidence collected from a crime scene can be successfully collated to point at the criminal/criminals and get positive conviction where such convection is justified under existing laws. When an incident that can be considered as criminal under existing laws is reported an investigation proceeds in which an examination of the crime scene commences and includes such diverse activities as selection, collection and analysis of evidence and this evidence is subsequently related to person/persons in such a manner that they stand accused of the aforementioned criminal act. Essentially, a claim is made based on the data (evidence) that argumentatively proposes to prosecute the person/persons that stand accused by it (Baber et al, 2006). During crime scene investigations, crime scene investigators collect data (also known as exhibits in legal parlance) in an ideally objective and unbiased manner. In an adversarial legal system where defendant parties contend claim s brought by prosecutors vigorously it is highly essential that such data be of high integrity and reliability if the claim is expected to fructify into a conviction (Baber et al, 2006). This integrity and reliability of data is technically termed as warrant and if there is any serious doubt over the warrant there is subsequently serious doubt over the legitimacy of either the data or the claim, both of which can be called into question on the basis of a dubious warrant (Baber et al, 2006). In the adversarial legal system, the defendant parties will strive to disprove the warrant in three manners: 1. discredit the manner in which the exhibit was collected or analysed (point doubt at the warrant); 2. seek discredit over the very nature of the exhibit (point doubt at the data); and 3. seek discredit over the interpretation presented (point doubt at the claim). (Baber et al, 2006) Thus, it is essential that the warrant be absolutely foolproof so that none of these

Philosophy - Martin Buber Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Philosophy - Martin Buber - Essay Example For Buber, the self cannot be fully human without the co-existence of the other; both co-exist in order to achieve a synthesis of what characterizes a meaningful life; otherwise, life would be impossible. Human beings are often divided into two aspects of being: objective and subjective. The former is hardly controversial, for it depicts a person’s thoughts, feelings, and ideas just the way that person ought to speak or act. However, the latter is of great controversy when dealing with what makes us truly human; â€Å"that meeting of minds by which two selves take each others meaning with reference to the same object beheld in common† (Percy 631). Similarly, Martin Buber identifies two aspects of being: I-It and I-Thou. This was Buber’s interpretation of the human being’s two-fold attitude toward the world and others. And it is through an examination of the distinctions between these two that we unfold the meaning of Buber’s dialogical philosophy. Given this, I shall devote this essay to a discourse on the phenomenon of social relationships in the light of Martin Buber’s dialogical philosophy. I will investigate the relationship between the s elf or the â€Å"I,† and the other or the â€Å"It,† as espoused by Buber in his work, I and Thou. Moreover, I shall emphasize the importance of intersubjectivity in Buber’s philosophy. Herein, I shall argue that in order for self-realization to take place, that is, in order to be truly human, an intersubjective relationship between I-It and I-Thou should co-exist. Thus, self-realization cannot be achieved in a vacuum or in a state of pure isolation but through intersubjective social interaction. The self needs others in order to satisfy his needs, goals, and ideals. Without others, the self cannot exist at all. Furthermore, the self can only gain an enhanced mode of self-expansion through his relationship with the other. Buber surmised

Toxoplasma Gondii Infection Among Pregnant Females in Lahore

Toxoplasma Gondii Infection Among Pregnant Females in Lahore The present study was conducted on 190 pregnant females attending Government, Lahore General Hospital and from a private setup named as Fatima Memorial Hospital coming for their antenatal checkups during first trimester. The detailed results are shown in the appendices. The summary of results is given in Tables 1- 20 and Figures 1- 6. Figure 1 shows the frequency of IgG in pregnant females. Out of 190, IgG antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii were present in 60 (31.58%) females. Figure 2 shows the frequency of IgM in pregnant females. Out of 190 pregnant females, IgM antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii were present only in 9 (4.73%) females. Table 1 shows the comparison of age, gestational age and gravida between IgG positive and negative females. The mean age of IgG positive group was 28.19 Â ± 4.70 and the mean number of gravida and gestational age of IgG positive group was 3.26 Â ± 1.84 and 9.28 Â ± 3.14 respectively. Whereas the mean age of IgG negative group was 25.92 Â ± 5.00 and the mean number of gravida and gestational age of IgG negative group was 2.63 Â ± 1.85 and 9.36 Â ± 3.20 respectively. There was no statistically significant differences in mean gestational age between IgG positive and negative groups (p-value = 0.753). The mean age of IgG positive group was statistically significant and higher as compared to IgG negative group (p-value = 0.005) similarly the mean gravida of IgG positive group was statistically significant and higher as compared to IgG negative group (p-value = 0.012). Table 2 shows the comparison of age, gestational age and gravida between IgM positive and negative groups. The mean age IgM positive group was 29.44 Â ± 5.20 and the mean number of gravida and gestational age of IgM positive group was 2.56 Â ± 1.51 and 9.33 Â ± 3.74 respectively. Whereas the mean age of IgM negative group was 26.49 Â ± 4.97 and the mean number of gravida and gestational age of IgM negative group was 2.84 Â ±1.88 and 9.33 Â ± 3.16 respectively. The mean age of IgM positive group was generally higher as compared to IgM negative group and the mean gravida of IgM positive group was generally lower as compared to IgM negative group but these differences were not statistically significant (p-value = 0.074 and p-value = 0.806 respectively). Similarly there were no statistically significant differences in mean gestational age between IgM positive and negative groups (p-value = 0.792). Table 3 shows the IgG positivity in pregnant women according to family income and there was statistically significant association between IgG antibodies and family income (p-value

Om 10 Decision of Hard Rock Essay

1.From your knowledge of restaurant, from the video, from the Global Company Profile that opens this chapter, and from the case itself. Identify how each of the 10 decisions of operations management is applied at Hard Rock Cafe? 1) Design of goods and service Hard Rock Cafe us famous for foods from classic American -burgers and chicken wings- . So they try to be good in service to customers and always modifying the menu. The experience concept is to provide not only a custom meal from the menu, but dining event that include a unique visual and sound experience not duplicated anywhere in the world. 2) Managing quality Hard Rock Cafe serve over 3,500 meals of each day. The Cafe employs about 400 people, therefore they usually have base on how to manage with their employs to get efficiency because concept of Hard Rock ,who want to work in here are not only competent in their job skills ,they should also have passionate about music and have engaging. 3.) Process and Capacity Hard Rock Cafe spend millions of each years to purchase new music,souvenirs come from legends of rock -mainly from Elvis – Each Hard Rock Cafe and Restaurant is different design menu that depends on culture & country. Hard Rock Cafe works to create product in an efficient , manner, analyzing them for cost , quantity and labor requirement 4) Location strategy Hard Rock Cafe has always catered largely to tourist in recent years. The tourist seeking to find a special and memorable time . Their largest restaurant and one the biggest restaurant in the world is located in Orlando , Florida. 5) Layout Strategy Concept of Hard Rock Cafe stands out the crowded restaurant is their layout just looking their big guitar outside. The wall is being slapped with lots of memorabilia : guitars ,drums , shirts , pants , shoes, scarves , hand  written come from music brand or legendary musician , such as Elvis , John Lennon . So that Hard Rock seems to be â€Å"Live† museum 6) Human resource and job design Hard Rock has an employs Bill of rights , outstanding pay , benefit and promotion that helps employee self-motivated individual .They also have policy hiring the best quantity not just best available. Human resource can be expensive , different to archive and hard to sustain but in Hard Rock Cafe with in practice training and treat employee as you need individuality that not only good for business but also have definitely â€Å"Rock† 7) Supple chain management Hard Rock has been explored new global resource to achieve maximum profitable via supply chain. Be aware the most advantage of outsourcing is cost saving and improve services level. Hard Rock has selected USCO logistic. 8) Inventory , Material requirement planing , and JIT Inventory is one of the most expensive assets of many companies and Hard Rock is not exclusive and also has invested 40 million dollars in one of world’s largest collection of rock-and – roll memorabilia inventory. â€Å"The objective of inventory †-management is to strike a balance between inventory investment and customer service and using effectively software such as Excel OM . Hard Rock has done a great of cataloging every single item. 9) Intermediate and short-term scheduling Hard Rock Cafe is using a lot of forecasting technique such as moving average weighted moving average , exponential smoothing and regression. Analysis that helps manager to see the impact on demand of other menu items if price of one item is changed. 10) Maintenance Hard Rock Cafe got the goal maintenance when they succeed to maintain the capability of system over 52 countries ad keeping a system’s equipment is working order in 163 cafes around the world.

Blood Promise Chapter Two

Chapter Two Going for her instead of me was bad form on the Strigoi's part. I was the threat; he should have neutralized me first. Our positioning had put Sydney in his way, however, so he had to dispatch her before he could get to me. He grabbed her shoulder, jerking her to him. He was fast-they always were-but I was on my game tonight. A swift kick knocked him into a neighboring building's wall and freed Sydney from his grasp. He grunted on impact and slumped to the ground, stunned and surprised. It wasn't easy to get the drop on a Strigoi, not with their lightning-fast reflexes. Abandoning Sydney, he focused his attention on me, red eyes angry and lips curled back to show his fangs. He sprang up from his fall with that preternatural speed and lunged for me. I dodged him and attempted a punch that he dodged in return. His next blow caught me on the arm, and I stumbled, just barely keeping my balance. My stake was still clutched in my right hand, but I needed an opening to hit his chest. A smart Strigoi would have angled himself in a way that ruined the line of sight to his heart. This guy was only doing a so-so job, and if I could stay alive long enough, I'd likely get an opening. Just then, Sydney came up and hit him on the back. It wasn't a very strong blow, but it startled him. It was my opening. I sprinted as hard as I could, throwing my full weight at him. My stake pierced his heart as we slammed against the wall. It was as simple as that. The life-or undead life or whatever-faded away from him. He stopped moving. I jerked out my stake once I was certain he was dead and watched as his body crumpled to the ground. Just like with every Strigoi I'd killed lately, I had a momentary surreal feeling. What if this had been Dimitri? I tried to imagine Dimitri's face on this Strigoi, tried to imagine him lying before me. My heart twisted in my chest. For a split second, the image was there. Then-gone. This was just some random Strigoi. I promptly shook the disorientation off and reminded myself that I had important things to worry about here. I had to check on Sydney. Even with a human, my protective nature couldn't help but kick in. â€Å"Are you okay?† She nodded, looking shaken but otherwise unharmed. â€Å"Nice work,† she said. She sounded as though she were forcibly trying to sound confident. â€Å"I've never†¦ I've never actually seen one of them killed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I couldn't imagine how she would have, but then, I didn't get how she knew about any of this stuff in the first place. She looked like she was in shock, so I took her arm and started to lead her away. â€Å"Come on, let's get out to where there's more people.† Strigoi lurking near the Nightingale wasn't that crazy of an idea, the more I thought about it. What better place to stalk Moroi than at one of their hangouts? Though, hopefully, most guardians would have enough sense to keep their charges out of alleys like this. The suggestion of departure snapped Sydney out of her daze. â€Å"What?† she exclaimed. â€Å"You're just going to leave him too?† I threw up my hands. â€Å"What do you expect me to do? I guess I can move him behind those trash cans and then let the sun incinerate him. That's what I usually do.† â€Å"Right. And what if someone shows up to take out the trash? Or comes out of one of these back doors?† â€Å"Well, I can hardly drag him off. Or set him on fire. A vampire barbecue would kind of attract some attention, don't you think?† Sydney shook her head in exasperation and walked over to the body. She made a face as she looked down at the Strigoi and reached into her large leather purse. From it, she produced a small vial. With a deft motion, she sprinkled the vial's contents over the body and then quickly stepped back. Where the drops had hit his corpse, yellow smoke began to curl away. The smoke slowly moved outward, spreading horizontally rather than vertically until it cocooned the Strigoi entirely. Then it contracted and contracted until it was nothing but a fist-size ball. In a few seconds, the smoke drifted off entirely, leaving an innocuous pile of dust behind. â€Å"You're welcome,† said Sydney flatly, still giving me a disapproving look. â€Å"What the hell was that?† I exclaimed. â€Å"My job. Can you please call me the next time this happens?† She started to turn away. â€Å"Wait! I can't call you-I have no idea who you are.† She glanced back at me and brushed blond hair out of her face. â€Å"Really? You're serious, aren't you? I thought you were all taught about us when you graduated.† â€Å"Oh, well. Funny thing†¦ I kind of, uh, didn't graduate.† Sydney's eyes widened. â€Å"You took down one of those†¦ things†¦ but never graduated?† I shrugged, and she remained silent for several seconds. Finally, she sighed again and said, â€Å"I guess we need to talk.† Did we ever. Meeting her had to be the strangest thing that had happened to me since coming to Russia. I wanted to know why she thought I should have been in contact with her and how she'd dissolved that Strigoi corpse. And, as we returned to the busy streets and walked toward a cafe she liked, it occurred to me that if she knew about the Moroi world, there might be a chance she also knew where Dimitri's village was. Dimitri. There he was again, popping back into my mind. I had no clue if he really would be lurking near his hometown, but I had nothing else to go on at this point. Again, that weird feeling came over me. My mind blurred Dimitri's face with that of the Strigoi I'd just killed: pale skin, red ringed eyes†¦ No, I sternly told myself. Don't focus on that yet. Don't panic. Until I faced Dimitri the Strigoi, I would gain the most strength from remembering the Dimitri I loved, with his deep brown eyes, warm hands, fierce embrace†¦ â€Å"Are you okay†¦ um, whatever your name is?† Sydney was staring at me strangely, and I realized we'd come to a halt in front of a restaurant. I didn't know what look I wore on my face, but it must have been enough to raise even her attention. Until now, my impression as we walked had been that she wanted to speak to me as little as possible. â€Å"Yeah, yeah, fine,† I said brusquely, putting on my guardian face. â€Å"And I'm Rose. Is this the place?† It was. The restaurant was bright and cheery, albeit a far cry from the Nightingale's opulence. We slid into a black leather-by which I mean fake plastic leather-booth, and I was delighted to see the menu had both American and Russian food. The listings were translated into English, and I nearly drooled when I saw fried chicken. I was starving after not eating at the club, and the thought of deep-fried meat was luxurious after weeks of cabbage dishes and so-called McDonald's. A waitress arrived, and Sydney ordered in fluent Russian, whereas I just pointed at the menu. Huh. Sydney was just full of surprises. Considering her harsh attitude, I expected her to interrogate me right away, but when the waitress left, Sydney remained quiet, simply playing with her napkin and avoiding eye contact. It was so strange. She was definitely uncomfortable around me. Even with the table between us, it was like she couldn't get far enough away. Yet her earlier outrage hadn't been faked, and she'd been adamant about me following whatever these rules of hers were. Well, she might have been playing coy, but I had no such hesitation about busting into uncomfortable topics. In fact, it was kind of my trademark. â€Å"So, are you ready to tell me who you are and what's going on?† Sydney looked up. Now that we were in brighter light, I could see that her eyes were brown. I also noticed that she had an interesting tattoo on her lower left cheek. The ink looked like gold, something I'd never seen before. It was an elaborate design of flowers and leaves and was only really visible when she tilted her head certain ways so that the gold caught the light. â€Å"I told you,† she said. â€Å"I'm an Alchemist.† â€Å"And I told you, I don't know what that is. Is it some Russian word?† It didn't sound like one. A half-smile played on her lips. â€Å"No. I take it you've never heard of alchemy either?† I shook my head, and she propped her chin up with her hand, eyes staring down at the table again. She swallowed, like she was bracing herself, and then a rush of words came out. â€Å"Back in the Middle Ages, there were these people who were convinced that if they found the right formula or magic, they could turn lead into gold. Unsurprisingly, they couldn't. This didn't stop them from pursuing all sorts of other mystical and supernatural stuff, and eventually they did find something magical.† She frowned. â€Å"Vampires.† I thought back to my Moroi history classes. The Middle Ages were when our kind really started pulling away from humans, hiding out and keeping to ourselves. That was the time when vampires truly became myth as far as the rest of the world was concerned, and even Moroi were regarded as monsters worth hunting. Sydney verified my thoughts. â€Å"And that was when the Moroi began to stay away. They had their magic, but humans were starting to outnumber them. We still do.† That almost brought a smile to her face. Moroi sometimes had trouble conceiving, whereas humans seemed to have too easy a time. â€Å"And the Moroi made a deal with the Alchemists. If the Alchemists would help Moroi and dhampirs and their societies stay secret from humans, the Moroi would give us these.† She touched the golden tattoo. â€Å"What is that?† I asked. â€Å"I mean, aside from the obvious.† She gently stroked it with her fingertips and didn't bother hiding the sarcasm when she spoke. â€Å"My guardian angel. It's actually gold and†-she grimaced and dropped her hand-â€Å"Moroi blood, charmed with water and earth.† â€Å"What?† My voice came out too loud, and some people in the restaurant turned to look at me. Sydney continued speaking, her tone much lower and very bitter. â€Å"I'm not thrilled about it, but it's our ? ®reward' for helping you guys. The water and earth bind it to our skin and give us the same traits Moroi have well, a couple of them. I almost never get sick. I'll live a long life.† â€Å"I guess that sounds good,† I said uncertainly. â€Å"Maybe for some. We don't have a choice. This ? ®career' is a family thing-it gets passed down. We all have to learn about Moroi and dhampirs. We work connections among humans that let us cover up for you since we can move around more freely. We've got tricks and techniques to get rid of Strigoi bodies-like that potion you saw. In return, though, we want to stay apart from you as much as we can-which is why most dhampirs aren't told about us until they graduate. And Moroi hardly ever.† She abruptly stopped. I guessed the lesson was over. My head was reeling. I had never, never considered anything like this-wait. Had I? Most of my education had emphasized the physical aspects of being a guardian: watchfulness, combat, etc. Yet every so often I'd heard vague references to those out in the human world who would help hide Moroi or get them out of weird and dangerous situations. I'd never thought much about it or heard the term Alchemist. If I had stayed in school, maybe I would have. This probably wasn't an idea I should have suggested, but my nature couldn't help it. â€Å"Why keep the charm to yourselves? Why not share it with the human world?† â€Å"Because there's an extra part to its power. It stops us from speaking about your kind in a way that would endanger or expose them.† A charm that bound them from speaking†¦ that sounded suspiciously like compulsion. All Moroi could use compulsion a little, and most could put some of their magic into objects to give them certain properties. Moroi magic had changed over the years, and compulsion was regarded as an immoral thing now. I was guessing this tattoo was an old, old spell that had come down through the centuries. I replayed the rest of what Sydney had said, more questions spinning in my head. â€Å"Why†¦ why do you want to stay away from us? I mean, not that I'm looking to become BFFs or anything†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Because it's our duty to God to protect the rest of humanity from evil creatures of the night.† Absentmindedly, her hand went to something at her neck. It was mostly covered by her jacket, but a parting of her collar briefly revealed a golden cross. My initial reaction to that was unease, seeing as I wasn't very religious. In fact, I was never entirely comfortable around those who were hard-core believers. Thirty seconds later, the full impact of the rest of her words sank in. â€Å"Wait a minute,† I exclaimed indignantly. â€Å"Are you talking about all of us-dhampirs and Moroi? We're all evil creatures of the night?† Her hands dropped from the cross, and she didn't respond. â€Å"We're not like Strigoi!† I snapped. Her face stayed bland. â€Å"Moroi drink blood. Dhampirs are the unnatural offspring of them and humans.† No one had ever called me unnatural before, except for the time I put ketchup on a taco. But seriously, we'd been out of salsa, so what else was I supposed to do? â€Å"Moroi and dhampirs are not evil,† I told Sydney. â€Å"Not like Strigoi.† â€Å"That's true,† she conceded. â€Å"Strigoi are more evil.† â€Å"Hey, that's not what I-â€Å" The food arrived just then, and the fried chicken was almost enough to distract me from the outrage of being compared to a Strigoi. Mostly all it did was delay me from responding immediately to her claims, and I bit into the golden crust and nearly melted then and there. Sydney had ordered a cheeseburger and fries and nibbled her food delicately. After taking down an entire chicken leg, I was finally able to resume the argument. â€Å"We're not like Strigoi at all. Moroi don't kill. You have no reason to be afraid of us.† Again, I wasn't keen on cozying up to humans. None of my kind were, not with the way humans tended to be trigger-happy and ready to experiment on anything they didn't understand. â€Å"Any human who learns about you will inevitably learn about Strigoi,† she said. She was playing with her fries but not actually eating them. â€Å"Knowing about Strigoi might enable humans to protect themselves, though.† Why the hell was I playing devil's advocate here? She finished toying with a fry and dropped it back on her plate. â€Å"Perhaps. But there are a lot of people who would be tempted by the thought of immortality-even at the cost of serving Strigoi in exchange for being turned into a creature from hell. You'd be surprised at how a lot of humans respond when they learn about vampires. Immortality's a big draw-despite the evil that goes with it. A lot of humans who learn about Strigoi will try to serve them, in the hopes of eventually being turned.† â€Å"That's insane-† I stopped. Last year, we'd discovered evidence of humans helping Strigoi. Strigoi couldn't touch silver stakes, but humans could, and some had used those stakes to shatter Moroi wards. Had those humans been promised immortality? â€Å"And so,† said Sydney, â€Å"that's why it's best if we just make sure no one knows about any of you. You're out there-all of you-and there's nothing to be done about it. You do your thing to get rid of Strigoi, and we'll do ours and save the rest of my kind.† I chewed on a chicken wing and restrained myself from the implied meaning that she was saving her kind from people like me, too. In some ways, what she was saying made sense. It wasn't possible that we could always move through the world invisibly, and yes, I could admit, it was necessary for someone to dispose of Strigoi bodies. Humans working with Moroi were an ideal choice. Such humans would be able to move around the world freely, particularly if they had the kinds of contacts and connections she kept implying. I froze mid-chew, remembering my earlier thoughts when I'd first come along with Sydney. I forced myself to swallow and then took a long drink of water. â€Å"Here's a question. Do you have contacts all over Russia?† â€Å"Unfortunately,† she said. â€Å"When Alchemists turn eighteen, we're sent on an internship to get firsthand experience in the trade and make all sorts of connections. I would have rather stayed in Utah.† That was almost crazier than everything else she'd told me, but I didn't push it. â€Å"What kind of connections exactly?† She shrugged. â€Å"We track the movements of a lot of Moroi and dhampirs. We also know a lot of high-ranking government officials-among humans and Moroi. If there's been a vampire sighting among humans, we can usually find someone important who can pay someone off or whatever†¦ It all gets swept under the rug.† Track the movements of a lot of Moroi and dhampirs. Jackpot. I leaned in close and lowered my voice. Everything seemed to hinge on this moment. â€Å"I'm looking for a village†¦ a village of dhampirs out in Siberia. I don't know its name.† Dimitri had only ever mentioned its name once, and I'd forgotten. â€Å"It's kind of near†¦ Om?† â€Å"Omsk,† she corrected. I straightened up. â€Å"Do you know it?† She didn't answer right away, but her eyes betrayed her. â€Å"Maybe.† â€Å"You do!† I exclaimed. â€Å"You have to tell me where it is. I have to get there.† She made a face. â€Å"Are you going to be†¦ one of those?† So Alchemists knew about blood whores. No surprise. If Sydney and her associates knew everything else about the vampire world, they'd know this too. â€Å"No,† I said haughtily. â€Å"I just have to find someone.† â€Å"Who?† â€Å"Someone.† That almost made her smile. Her brown eyes were thoughtful as she munched on another fry. She'd only taken two bites out of her cheeseburger, and it was rapidly growing cold. I kind of wanted to eat it myself on principle. â€Å"I'll be right back,† she said abruptly. She stood up and strode across to a quiet corner of the cafe. Producing a cell phone from that magic purse of hers, she turned her back to the room and made a call. I'd polished off my chicken by then and helped myself to some of her fries since it was looking less and less like she was going to do anything with them. As I ate, I pondered the possibilities before me, wondering if finding Dimitri's town would really be this simple. And once I was there†¦ would it be simple then? Would he be there, living in the shadows and hunting prey? And when faced with him, could I really drive my stake into his heart? That unwanted image came to me again, Dimitri with red eyes and â€Å"Rose?† I blinked. I'd totally spaced out, and Sydney was back. She slid back into her spot across from me. â€Å"So, it looks like-† She paused and looked down. â€Å"Did you eat some of my fries?† I had no clue how she knew, seeing as it was such a huge stack. I'd barely made a dent. Figuring me stealing fries would count as further evidence of being an evil creature of the night, I said glibly, â€Å"No.† She frowned a moment, considering, and then said, â€Å"I do know where this town is. I've been there before.† I straightened up. Holy crap. This was actually going to happen, after all these weeks of searching. Sydney would tell me where this place was, and I could go and try to close this horrible chapter in my life. â€Å"Thank you, thank you so much-â€Å" She held up a hand to silence me, and I noticed then how miserable she looked. â€Å"But I'm not going to tell you where it is.† My mouth gaped. â€Å"What?† â€Å"I'm going to take you there myself.†

The 10 Steps of Glycolysis

Glycolysis, which translates to splitting sugars, is the process of releasing energy within sugars. In glycolysis, a six-carbon sugar known as glucose is split into two molecules of a three-carbon sugar called pyruvate. This multistep process yields two ATP molecules containing free energy, two pyruvate molecules, two high energy, electron-carrying molecules of NADH, and two molecules of water. Glycolysis Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose.Glycolysis can take place with or without oxygen.Glycolysis produces two molecules of pyruvate, two molecules of ATP, two molecules of NADH, and two molecules of water.Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm.There are 10 enzymes involved in breaking down sugar. The 10 steps of glycolysis are organized by the order in which specific enzymes act upon the system. Glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen. In the presence of oxygen, glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration. In the absence of oxygen, glycolysis allows cells to make small amounts of ATP through a process of fermentation. Glycolysis takes place in the cytosol of the cells cytoplasm. A net of two ATP molecules are produced through glycolysis (two are used during the process and four are produced. Learn more about the 10 steps of glycolysis below. Step 1 The enzyme hexokinase phosphorylates or adds a phosphate group to glucose in a cells cytoplasm. In the process, a phosphate group from ATP is transferred to glucose producing glucose 6-phosphate or G6P. One molecule of ATP is consumed during this phase. Step 2 The enzyme phosphoglucomutase isomerizes G6P into its isomer fructose 6-phosphate or F6P. Isomers have the same molecular formula as each other but different atomic arrangements. Step 3 The kinase phosphofructokinase uses another ATP molecule to transfer a phosphate group to F6P in order to form fructose 1,6-bisphosphate or FBP. Two ATP molecules have been used so far. Step 4 The enzyme aldolase splits fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into a ketone and an aldehyde molecule. These sugars, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP), are isomers of each other. Step 5 The enzyme triose-phosphate isomerase rapidly converts DHAP into GAP (these isomers can inter-convert). GAP is the substrate needed for the next step of glycolysis. Step 6 The enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) serves two functions in this reaction. First, it dehydrogenates GAP by transferring one of its hydrogen (H⠁ º) molecules to the oxidizing agent nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⠁ º) to form NADH H⠁ º. Next, GAPDH adds a phosphate from the cytosol to the oxidized GAP to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG). Both molecules of GAP produced in the previous step undergo this process of dehydrogenation and phosphorylation. Step 7 The enzyme phosphoglycerokinase transfers a phosphate from BPG to a molecule of ADP to form ATP. This happens to each molecule of BPG. This reaction yields two 3-phosphoglycerate (3 PGA) molecules and two ATP molecules. Step 8 The enzyme phosphoglyceromutase relocates the P of the two 3 PGA molecules from the third to the second carbon to form two 2-phosphoglycerate (2 PGA) molecules. Step 9 The enzyme enolase removes a molecule of water from 2-phosphoglycerate to form phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). This happens for each molecule of 2 PGA from step eight. Step 10 The enzyme pyruvate kinase transfers a P from PEP to ADP to form pyruvate and ATP. This happens for each molecule of PEP. This reaction yields two molecules of pyruvate and two ATP molecules.