Hirschis Social Control Theory Essays

Hirschis Social Control Theory Essays Hirschis Social Control Theory Paper Hirschis Social Control Theory Paper In fact, a study done by the Social Science Research Council found a large proportion (70%) of 47 mothers who were abused were currently mistreating their children. Altogether 33 mistreated their children, of which 16 were clear cut abuse cases, 3 were being taken care of by someone other than the mother and 14 were providing borderline care (i. e. , were suspected of maltreating their child). In 1991, the United States Department of Justice reported approximately 31% of women in prison state that they had been abused as children. Approximately 95% of teenage prostitutes have been sexually abused. The affects of drugs and alcohol on the brain of an adolescent can be damaging and have long-term effects. Temperament, IQ, and the brains ability to process information are severely affected. This self-induced damage through drug and alcohol abuse certainly compounded the development of Wournos’ deviance. Because Wuornos not only lacked the familial support necessary to guide her through the traumatic experiences of her life and her disabilities, she learned – through modeled behavior – how to be a violent abuser. Application of the social control theory at it relates to crime causation in Aileen Wuornos case, incorporates the aspects of containment (internal factors which pull individuals away from deviant behavior) and neutralization (external factors which push individuals toward deviant behavior), can be applied. Wuornos lacked the sociological bonds necessary to develop internal factors (positive self-image, tolerance, ethics, self-motivation) which prevented her from her acting out her deviant behavior. Factors which aided in her participation in deviant behavior include physical abuse from her grandfather, the incestuous relationship with her brother, sexual promiscuity, and drug and alcohol abuse. These experiences directly contradicted the positive external factors necessary for Wuornos to pull away from her desire to exhibit deviant behavior. Aileen Wuornos did not have positive role models, community and familial support systems and strong moral values. Borderline Personality Disorder, or BPD, is defined as â€Å"pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, emotional adjustments, and marked impulsivity demonstrated in a variety of contexts†. Had the BPD been recognized by the Florida court system, Aileen Wuornos’ life could have been spared. She would have been labeled has mentally disabled, treated and counseled for the remainder of her life in prison. Although the cause of BPD is unknown, both environmental and genetic factors are thought to play a role in genetic predisposition. Studies reveal many (although not all) patients with the disorder report a history of abuse, neglect, or separation as young children. It is believed the disorder is caused by environmental stresses, neglect or abuse, and a series of triggers. . Neuroscience research is revealing the connection between the brain and its link to negative emotion, impulsivity, mood instability, aggression, and anger– all emotions and traits seen in people with BPD. Tests show that people â€Å"born† to exhibit spontaneous aggression have impaired brain function and that a small almond-shaped structure deep inside the brain regulates negative emotion. Under the influence of drugs, alcohol, or stress, studies show this might be more pronounced. Wuornos could have been medicated with serotonin, norepinephrine and acetylcholine to regulate her emotions, including sadness, anger, anxiety, and irritability. These â€Å"mood stabilizers† work much like medicines to manage high blood pressure or diabetes. According to Hirschi’s social control theory, Wuornos’ disability put her at a higher risk to become a substance abuser. When the four elements of social bonding (attachment, commitment, involvement and belief) are examined, the depth of neglect Wuornos experienced is clear. Sexual promiscuity degraded her image, and her incestuous relationship with her brother was common knowledge in her community. These factors would cause her ability to bond with healthy members of her community difficult if not impossible. Wuornos’ lack of self-motivation and self-esteem, as seen in her unwillingness or inability to successfully graduate from high school, her failed marriage, and her failed romantic relationships. She lived her life as though she believed she was useless and had nothing to lose. And lived her life as though she felt detached from the society in which she lived. The feelings of detachment would make her vulnerable to engage in illicit drug use and alcohol over-consumption. The element of involvement centers around the idle time Wuornos spent when she was not involved with some person or activity. As an uneducated, mentally disabled person already engaging in deviant behavior through prostitution, Aileen’s â€Å"idle time† was spent engaging in deviant behavior by drinking and using drugs. She did not practice convention in any aspect of her life, so the boundaries between her structured and idle lives were non-existent. Belief, or belief system, for Aileen Wuornos certainly did not exist by the time she was tried and imprisoned. However, the belief system (values and norms) of those around her who recognized she was disturbed were probably relaxed out of guilt, pity, or fear. The incidents which involved Wuornos attempting to stab her siblings without being removed from the home or counseled extensively is evidence of the lack of consistent standards which would have been necessary to curb Wuornos’ deviant behavior or prevent it from escalating to serial murderer later in life. Instead, concessions in the values and norms of those around Wuornos’ enabled her to continue to behave violently, run away, and return to start the cycle again. As the facts in this essay reveal, the life history of Aileen Carol Wuornos constituted a genetic predisposition to have a penchant for deviant behavior, however, her many years of neglect, abuse, untreated illness and lack of positive social relationships it was sealed her fate and pushed her to become a deviant serial killer. Her neglected mental health, drug abuse and progressed her social failures. Aileen Carol Wuornos was 46 on the day of her execution. References Alston, Reginald J. , Harley, Debra, Lenhoff, Karen (1995). Hirschis Social Control Theory: A Sociological Perspective on Drug Abuse among Persons with Disabilities. The Journal of Rehabilitation, Vol 61. Author Unknown (Date Unknown) Retrieved from the Web January 19, 2007, ahrens.tripod.com.

Paper Research

Paper Research Paper Research Paper Research: Strategies of Making Good Research When you get an assignment to write a paper, whether it is an essay, a research paper, a term paper or any other kind of student paper, you want to write it well in order to get high points. In what way can one write a good assignment paper? This is the main question that springs to your mind! Lets find an answer! To write a good paper you should make, first of all, good paper research. It does not matter what kind of student paper you have to write. One should stress that actually to make papers research means not only to conduct long-lasting investigation, make complicated calculations and observations. Even if you are writing a reaction paper on a certain movie, you have to make some research. It will be just the research of smaller size. In this case paper research will contain watching the movie, describing of the main characters, analyzing of the main idea and discussing of the matter problems. Anyway, it will take you some t ime and certain efforts to make this research. Thus, the essence does not change, only the research scale is different. Three main elements of making good paper research To make good paper research you should take into account 3 aspects!You should be interested in the issue that is investigated. If you are free in choosing your paper topic, of course, it is very easy for you to meet this condition. But what should you do if you are provided with a certain topic? There is no problem as well. The matter is that you have to study a certain point of this topic. Thus, try to find a point that will get you interested most of all while studying informational materials on the given topic. You should study the question thoroughly. You should understand that to make good paper research you should have good informational basis. So, try to process as much information on your topic as you can. Do not forget to write down some specific data that may be useful for your writing. This may be some figures, quotations, observation results and so on. You should neither be in hurry, no dilly-dally! Making a time-table for your writing process will help you control your time left till the submission date. Split your work into several parts (for example, studying the information, making an outline for your paper, writing and checking) trying to determine approximate time that will take you to fulfill each part of the work. Do not forget to take into account some force-majeure circumstances! So, add several days to each part of your time-table. So, try to keep in mind this information and you will make really good paper research!

Sector Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sector Analysis - Essay Example This is a dangerous sign, and many companies try to continuously update and innovate their business models in order to achieve success in terms of profitability and growth. Sector analysis is one of the new innovations that are being used by corporations and managers. It is a spin-off from Financialization. Financialization can be described as a process whereby financial markets and organizations dictate the economic policy of a country. In other words, Financialization is process where financial elites dictate the business policies formulation by the government. (Froud et al. 2006) Sector matrix defines the activity horizon of a company. As a result, it is sometimes also called â€Å"activity matrix†. Sector matrix is nothing but a representation of overall finances or revenues of a company coming into the business from its various areas of operations. The matrix is based on modern business and financial thinking. The old way of thinking about the supply was to consider it th e function of technology and product. The supply can only be increased if there are significant improvements in the production technology. This concept soon become obsolete and the new way of thinking was developed which stated that firm as a whole should be considered on the basis of its business model and various sources of income. A business usually makes money from diverse sources of profits and, hence, all of these sources should be taken into account before the supply and demand function of a business can be determined. Similarly, the old thinking about the demand was about winning the nameplate competition. It was all about improving or differentiating the brand from other competing brands in order to generate demand and make sales. However, the new way of thinking demand is about capturing the expenditure that consumers spend on substitutes and encouraging a complement product in order to increase the overall revenue of the firm. (Bowman & Singh 1993) The differentiating fac tors of the sector matrix and supply chain industry are that related products or complements are demanded together, therefore, a firm can achieve great success and double its sales if it starts producing complementary products. It is also believed that the firm operates in a boundary or in a particular sector. For example, a firm producing motor cars can produce car lubricants or wheels, but it will not immediately start a healthcare business. Hence, business models have boundaries. Similarly, a firm will try to enter into new businesses to lever its profits and in doing so there are chances that it may attract competition that may follow a similar matrix as this firm. However, it must be remembered that no existing firm exists in a particular matrix before the entry of this firm. The sector matrix can be explained more aptly by using two examples from different industries. The first example is taken from the Car Manufacturing Business and the second example is from Healthcare Busin ess. The reason for choosing these two sectors is to determine the applicability of the model in service and goods sector. This approach will check whether or not the model can be used for both goods and service sectors or whether or not this model is applicable for only one sector. (Brigham & Ehrhardt 2010) Example 1: Figure1: Sector Matrix of Car Assembly Source: (Froud et al. 2006) The above diagram shows that a car manufacturer exists in the upper left corner. This is unrewarding business because the industry is saturate and there are enough cars in the market that many people tend to buy used cars. This leads to demand substitution and demand for the firm’s products goes down. This has resulted in declining revenue for car

UK Taxation System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

UK Taxation System - Essay Example Alongside, the developments in the indirect taxation are also described. Income Tax is believed to be the largest source of earning equating up to 30% of the total tax revenue in UK. This is charged on salaries from employment, on rental income for let-out properties, on bank and building societies' interests and on company dividends. The one that comes next in this list is the Value Added Tax (VAT). VAT is charged to the customer by businesses on the supply of goods and services in the country. The revenue generated by the UK government by way of VAT comes somewhere around to 23% of the total tax revenue and also this is believed to be the second largest earner of revenue to the government. Apart from this the government of UK also generates revenue through some other kinds of taxes like the National Insurance Contributions (NIC), duties and Corporations Tax, the contribution of which are believed to be 21%, 16% and 8% respectively. There exist also other sources of contributions like the Capital Gains Tax (CGT), Inheritance Tax (IHT), Stamp Duty (SD) and Stamp Duty Land Tax (SDLT) etc., which form the rest of the total tax revenue. The Tax Year: The Tax Year in the United Kingdom starts on the 6th of April in the current year and ends on 5th of April in the following year. All the citizens of the country pay their income tax by reference to the same. The different kinds of rates and allowances relating to taxes are finalized in the Annual Budget which is scheduled every year in the month of March. The Tax System: A study conducted in the previous year reveals that almost 29.5 million individuals do pay tax in the form of income tax in UK. Indirect taxes are collected in the form of Excise duties, Vehicle excise duties, Insurance premium tax, Air passenger duty, Landfill Tax and Aggregates Levy etc. The government of UK levies excise duty particularly on five types of goods. They are tobacco, fuel, beer, wine and beer. A flat rate is followed for levying tax on these particular goods. When it comes to tobacco, they are additionally subject to a tax called ad valorem tax. This ad valorem tax is set up at an amount of 22% of the total retail price. The following table shows the tax rates of duties that were levied in the year 2006-07. Table.1 Excise duties, 2006-07 Good Duty (pence) Total duty as a % of price Total tax as a % of price Packet of 20 cigars: Specific + ad valorem 314 66.4 81.3 Pint of Beer 29 13.5 28.4 Wine (75cl bottle) 129 38.2 53.1 Spirits (70cl bottle) 548 48.0 62.9 Ultra-Low sulphur petrol 47 50.8 65.7 Ultra-Low sulphur diesel 47 49.1 64.0 Sources: HM Revenue and Customs website (customs.hmrc.gov.uk/channelsPortalWebApp/channelsPortalWebApp.portal'_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=pageExcise_InfoGuides); UK Trade Info website - www.uktradeinfo.co.uk; National Statistics - www.statistics.gov.uk Capital Gains Tax: The concept of Capital Gains tax was introduced in the year 1965. These capital gains are supposed to be levied on the

Globalizing an Australian Wine Company Essay Example for Free

Globalizing an Australian Wine Company Essay The company’s strategic vision is to become the world’s first truly global wine company. As CEO and managing director of BRL Hardy Europe, Carson’s contribution and achievements had been significant with a 10 fold increase in sales volume, in a tenure spanning just seven years. He successfully turned around Hardy’s U. K. business by implementing cost cutting initiatives and ensuring strong systems, policies, and control. Millar, CEO and managing director at BRL Hardy followed a decentralized approach to management. He believed in delegation and adequately integrated culture and management style into the merged corporation. The U. K. market contributed significantly to BRL Hardy’s revenues and represented 40% of Australian wine exports. In U. K. , the fighting brands, namely, Stamps and Nottage Hill, were positioned at price points of 2. 99 and 3. 69 pounds respectively. As low price good quality wines, they accounted for 80% of the value and volume of the Hardy brand sales. As the image of these brands began to erode, Carson decided to relaunch them by relabeling and repositioning the wines. Carson insisted that sales performance in U. K. depended on efficient labeling that should not be completely dictated by the Australian management. Although management was skeptical about local control over branding, labeling, and pricing decisions, the move significantly boosted the fighting brands’ sales. As the fighting brands gradually moved up the price points, there was an opportunity for an entry level wine that could be priced lower than 4. 9 pounds. In line with the company’s vision of becoming an international wine company, Carson decided to tap non-Australian wine sources and develop a line of branded products that could utilize the company’s strong distribution channels. This strategy would provide vital scale economies, minimize harvest risk, capture rationalizing suppliers, and avoid currency-driven price variations. Carson propose d the brand D’istinto, an Italian venture with a Sicilian based winery. He wanted to develop a recognizable brand which was easy to buy and had global potential. The wine would be positioned to the average wine consumer and would help the company leverage distribution. The Australian headquarters believed that D’istinto would eat into the fighting brands’ share as they were positioned at almost similar price points. Carson’s earlier Chilean venture, Mapocho had proven troublesome and Millar was doubtful if the European unit could support another brand. While Millar recognized U. K. s strong performance and wanted to give Carson as much freedom as possible, the reality was that the Italian venture would stretch the tight human resources of the European unit and dilute focus from the overall corporate strategy. While the Italian venture was being proposed, the Australian headquarters had launched Banrock Station, an environmentally responsible product at a similar price point. Australian management believed that the brand had global po tential and had instructed areas to launch it appropriately. Miller, away from the frontline and external demands of the local customers, has to support Carson’s entrepreneurial experimentation and dynamism. However, the proposal to launch D’istinto should not be approved. It is imperative that the business strategy fit within the broader corporate strategy of the organization. Although Carson’s proposal represented strategic interests, it ran counter the corporate strategy of maximizing global efficiency. D’istinto’s launch would certainly come with financial implications and would also stretch the operating capabilities of the European unit. On the other hand, Banrock Station had already established itself in a few markets and a strong launch in Europe would only increase scale economies. D’istinto had an innovative strategy with catchy and attractive labeling and a distinct image capturing the Mediterranean lifestyle. This positioning would definitely appeal to the mature U. K. consumer and also to the U. K. retailers, who represented the majority of sales. However, there is no certainty that this strategy would prove equally successful globally. While D’istinto would provide short term results, it is important to understand the long term viability that Banrock Station offers. Global consumers are increasingly emerging into environmentally conscious populations that expect corporations to take responsibility of natural resources and the environment. Although through D’istinto, Carson aims to build a global brand, Banrock Station appears to be better positioned in a converging global market. In order to build a true global brand, Miller must establish consistency across organizational units and ensure that the vision is shared by all.

The teaching profession :: essays research papers

Being a Teacher Although teaching, from the outside looking in, appears simpler than it actually is, there are many challenges a teacher faces throughout his or her career. Despite these difficulties, there are also many rewards. As I consider this field for my future career, I will discover some of the most important aspects, such as the beginnings of teaching, how the profession has evolved and where teaching is headed in the future. Also it is important to note the availability of jobs and education you must acquire before becoming a certified teacher. Since the beginning of time, teachers have covered the earth. In the earlier years, informal teachers, parents, who taught their children about the world. The early mothers and fathers also taught their children how to survive, a means of getting food, and which pathways to avoid. Of course, informal teachers to this day, aren't paid anything but are only awarded the satisfaction of raising a human being. Next in the order of educational institutions came the one room school house. Teachers of 1872 were required to complete certain tasks before the day's session. The teacher, after arriving in the morning, was required to fill lamps and clean the chimney, in addition to building a fire. Their duties weren't terribly taxing. However the limitation that were put on their social life seem a bit unusual, compared to today's standards. For instance, a male teacher could devote one night a week to courting a lady, two if he attended church regularly. Wemen who got married or "engaged in unseemly conduct" were dismissed. After the teacher spent ten hours on studies, they were required to read the Bible or other good books. Teachers were required to set aside large amounts of their pay so that after they retired, the wouldn't become a "burden on society." Teachers were never allowed to drink, smoke, go to pools, public halls, or revceive a shave in barber shop. If the teachers abided by all these outrageous rules, they were eligible for a .25 cents, a week raise, with the approval of the Board of Education. (www.columiagorge.com) One such case was that of Marilyn Callen, born in Nebraska, who always knew she wanted to be an educator. After two years of college, she began teaching at the local two room school house in the country. Her first year was 1937. Marilyn was only 25 when she began. She taught grades

Analyze the Tension Rising Between the Northern and Southern States Between the Time Period of the 1800-1860’s Essay

From 1800 to 1860 the relationship between the Northern, and Southern States grew worse and the threat for the formation of 2 cooperate unions was drawing nearer. This change on the relationship can be attributed to industrial development to a fairly large extent, however it should be noted that there are also other factors, which contributed, in large part to this change in the relationship. Industrial development was a factor in the relationship between the Northern and Southern states with regard to the industrial boom in the northern states and the creation of increase tariffs, as well as the big businessmen and bankers in the North and the fact that Northern Industries did not need slavery while Southerners claimed their agriculture society did. Because of the significant increase in industries in the North protective tariffs such as the tariff of 1828 greeted extreme tension between the north and the south. The tariff of 1828 was keyed the term â€Å"the tariff of abominations† by many southern because of as extreme rates. This tariff under president Jackson was opposed by V. P Calhoun who wrote the South Carolina exposition and protests, which similarly to the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions under Thomas Jefferson, stated that the federal government did not have the right to set these tariffs and that particular right is reserved for the states; Calhoun was a strong advocate of the states rights. South Carolina threatened to succeed the union with Calhoun saying â€Å" the union next to our liberty most dear.. † in response to Jackson’s strong statement â€Å" our union it must and shall be preserved. Henry Clay, the great compromiser, comes up with a compromise for the tariff, substantially while South Carolina agrees not to succeed the union. Tariffs such as the tariff of abominations created greater tension between the North and the South; Which cause for the tariffs can to go back to the industrial development in the north. Big businesses and bankers which like wise grew in port because of the industrial development created greater tensions between the north and the south as these bankers where in the north. However it should be noted that the major deserters against the bankers came from the farmers in the West . Although many in the south were against these bankers as well. Especially with the creation of the bank of the united states, initially apart of Alexander Hamilton’s debt assumption scheme and later apart of Henry Clay’s American System. President Jackson tried to kill the B. U. S by vetoing it even after the Supreme Court declared the B. U. S constitutionally in Mccollugh vs. Maryland, 1819. Jackson believed the B. U. S only favored the rich northerners and because Jackson was an advocator of the common man, he was against it. Southerners can also be seen to go against the Bank as it did little to help them. This issue of the Bank, which can be given the name Bank War, caused the relations between the North and the south to become worse and the industrial development in the North. Also the industrial development further portrayed the lack of need for slavery in the North. Which became a major issue in the relationship between the North and the South as the Southerners’ economy was based on a plantation society, which benefitted from slaves. The Southern economy relied on cotton gin by Eli Whitney, slaves were now being used to produce more and more cotton. Cotton which was used by the industries in the South, such as clothing industries. Because of this difference in the economy with the North being industrial and the South being agricultural. The issue of slavery increased the problems in the relations between the North and the South. However despite the industrial development being a factor in the relationship between the northern and southern states it should be noted that the new territories in the west caused even more issues between the North and the South. Despite that, the relationship between the Northern and Southern States from 1800 to 1860 can be in a large extent because of the factor of industrial development.

Monster Walter Dean Myers

Monster, by Walter Dean Myers, is about a 16 year old Harlem boy named Steve Harmon. Steve gets tried for murder in a court of law because he supposedly was involved in the burglary/shooting of Mr. Nesbit, the convenience store clerk on December 22. Steve is wrongfully arrested, and spends time in jail awaiting his verdict, which he is found innocent for after a long trial. While in prison, Steve put his time to good use and wrote a play word for word based on his trial. This book falls under the theme of stories that expose limits. This is true because Steve lost all hope in his case, and thought that he will be found guilty for the murder of Mr. Nesbit; however he found thestrength to push through and regain his confidence. Steve's main inspiration was his family because he does not want to look weak in their eyes, especially his younger brother. In addition, Steve has to live in prison for a few months awaiting his verdict; he has to keep up a tough attitude to get through the daily occurrences of beat-downs, molestation and corruption. Prison is even worse for an inmate when they are truly innocent. Steve Harmon is a very strong individual for being able to push through this whole trial without going over the edge; he coped with everything and kept sane by writing his play. Steve Harmon portrays the fear of a teenager who is in prison and portrays a confident teenager who is strong enough to pull through any adversity while having his world thrown upside down. He portrays fear of ones life in prison because the whole book he is trying to get out of prison and to have his life back. He also convinces his lawyer of his innocence and the fact that he was simply in the wrong place at the wrong time. If Steve Harmon had not put any effort in, or did not convince his lawyer he was innocent, he would have rotted for his whole life in a 6 by 8 foot cell. Steve Harmon portraysconfidence because he always believed in his innocence, and would stop at nothing to convince others. Steve's family and lawyer, Kathy O'Brien, motivated Steve to believe in himself because they believed that he could never commit a heinous crime such as murder. I can relate to Steve Harmon because when I was elementary school I did not have much confidence in myself. For example, when I would be in plays I did not like to be on stage and perform. When Steve started his trial he didn't have muchconfidence in himself either. Steve Harmon had such little confidence he thought he was guilty even though he was not. As time progressed, I felt much more confident in myself to take certain risks, try new stuff and make my voice heard. I can thank my parents and friends for this accomplishment. My parents would always encourage me to try new things, speak out, and always tell me I am the best. Steve Harmon gained hisconfidence from his friends and family also, his lawyer always telling him he is going to be ok and he will be tried innocent. What this taught me about myself is family is the most important thing in your life and they can only make your life better.

Stages of the Research Process Essays - Scientific Method, Knowledge

Stages of the Research Process Essays - Scientific Method, Knowledge Anthony Moreno RES/351 Stages of the Research Process Instructor: Said Nik-khah October 19th, 2015 Stages of the Research Process This week's assignment is to research peer-reviewed articles in our schools library. The topic I chose to find these articles is guns since my learning team is also doing the same topic. I will attempt to state the purpose of the business research, determine the research questions & hypotheses, and identify the dependent & independent variables being manipulated to measure in each article. The Effects of Guns and Money I gave this paper the title of the effects of guns and money because it seemed fitting and connected both articles. Both articles involve gun violence but are very different. One-article studies the chance of people committing a violent crime using a gun and the other article is about doing the right thing and making public safety a priority. Controversial Study Suggest Seeing Gun Violence Promotes It The purpose of research. The Purpose of this research is to find out if seeing gun violence at a young age increases the probability of that child will go on to commit a similar act down the road. Research questions and hypotheses. The main research focus question in my opinion was "Can a single experience of seeing someone shoot at someone else make an individual more violence-prone?" (Constance Holden, 2005) This led to a hypothesis of a single exposure to firearm violence doubles the chance that a young person will later engage in violent behavior. Dependent and independent variables. Reading into this study I found quite a few variables but mostly dependent variables. The one independent variable that I recognized was if the participant has ever been exposed to violence. The rest of the variables I found were of the dependent type of variables that included the participants family structure, his or hers temperament, and their IQ. New York City Considers Divesting From Walmart Over Gun Sales The purpose of research. Public Advocate Letitia James put it best when she made the statement of "We need to study the potential consequences and risks of continuing to own equity and fixed income holdings in gun retailers, whose weapons and ammunition reach the streets, towns and cities across our country." Which means to me that they want to conduct this research for the greater good but at what costs? Research questions and hypotheses. I found two research questions in this article. The first research question I found was what will be the impact of selling its shares in major gun retailers, including Walmart, Dick's Sporting Goods, and Cabela's. The other research question I found is will other states follow suit and sell their shares to divest and force those major companies to make a change and stop selling guns and ammunition. Dependent and independent variables. The only independent variable would be that these major companies sell guns and ammunition and are in compliance with the law. The dependent variables could be public safety. Would the public be safer if the companies stopped selling guns and ammunition? Another variable would be money. How would the companies react to investors that decided to divest? That could change the dynamic public safety if the companies decided to stop selling guns and ammunition. Conclusion By reviewing both of these articles, I found it easy to identify the reason for the research being conducted. In both articles, the authors made it clear of what the purpose of the research was for. As for finding the research questions and hypotheses it was also relatively easy to find one or maybe two questions they based their research on. Finding the independent and dependent variables, I struggled with. Not having the actual results of the study it was hard for me to determine any of the variables. I tried to find variables by asking myself questions on if it this plays a part and if so does it or can it change. From there I just decided if it was a dependent variable or independent variable. Overall I feel that both articles gave me some good practice getting familiar with understanding how business research is started. Still a little new to it but I feel I have the basics down. Reference Page Mathias, Christopher. "New York City Considers Divesting From

The Common Periwinkle Profile

The Common Periwinkle Profile The common periwinkle (Littorina littorea), also known as the edible periwinkle, is a frequent sight along the shoreline in some areas. Have you ever seen these little snails on the rocks or in a tide pool? Despite the large numbers of periwinkles on the U.S. shoreline today, they are not a native species in North America but were introduced from western Europe. These snails are edible - would you eat a periwinkle? Description Common periwinkles are a type of marine snail. They have a shell that is smooth and brown to brownish-gray in coloration and up to about 1 inch long. The base of the shell is white. Periwinkles may live out of the water for several days and can survive in challenging conditions. Out of the water, they can stay moist by closing up their shell with a trapdoor-like structure called an operculum. Periwinkles are mollusks. Like other mollusks, they move around on their muscular foot, which is coated with mucus. These snails may leave a trail in the sand or mud as they move around. The shells of periwinkles may be inhabited by a variety of species and may be encrusted with coralline algae. Periwinkles have two tentacles that can be seen if you look closely at their front end. Juveniles have black bars on their tentacles. Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: MolluscaClass: GastropodaSubclass: CaenogastropodaOrder: LittorinimorphaSuperorder: LittorinoideaFamily: LittorinidaeSubfamily: LittorininaeGenus: LittorinaSpecies: littorea    Habitat and Distribution Common periwinkles are native to western Europe. They were introduced to North American waters in the 1800s. They were brought over possibly as food or were transported across the Atlantic in the ballast water of ships. Ballast water is water taken in by a ship to make sure operating conditions are safe, such as when a ship discharges cargo and needs a certain amount of weight to keep the hull at the right water level. Now common periwinkles range along the eastern coast of the U.S. and Canada from Labrador to Maryland and are still found in western Europe. Common periwinkles live on rocky coastlines and in the intertidal zone, and on muddy or sandy bottoms. Feeding and Diet Common periwinkles are omnivores  that feed primarily on algae, including diatoms, but can feed on other small organic matter, such as barnacle larvae. They use their radula, which has tiny teeth, to scrape the algae off of rocks, a process which can eventually erode the rock. According to a University of Rhode Island article, the rocks on the coastline of Rhode Island used to be covered with green algae, but have been bare gray since periwinkles were introduced to the area. Reproduction Periwinkles have separate sexes (individuals are either male or female). Reproduction is sexual, and females lay eggs in capsules of about 2-9 eggs. These capsules are about 1mm in size. After floating in the ocean, the veliger hatches after a few days. The larvae settle on the shore after about six weeks. The lifespan of periwinkles is thought to be about 5 years. Conservation and Status In its non-native habitat (i.e., the U.S. and Canada), the common periwinkle is thought to have altered the ecosystem by competing with other species, and grazing on green algae, which has caused other algae species to become overabundant. These periwinkles can also host a disease (marine black spot disease) which can be transferred to fish and birds. References and Further Information Buckland-Nicks, J., et. al. 2013. The living community inside the common periwinkle, Littorina . Canadian Journal of Zoology. Accessed June 30, 2013.littoreaEncyclopedia of Life. Littorina . Accessed June 30, 2013.littoreaGlobal Invasive Species Database. Littorina littorea. Accessed June 30, 2013.Jackson, A. 2008. Littorina . Common periwinkle. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme [on-line]. Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. [cited 01/07/2013]. Accessed June 30, 2013.littoreaReid, David G., Gofas, S. 2013. Littorina . Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at marinespecies.org/aphia.php?ptaxdetailsid140262. Accessed June 30, 2013.littorea (Linnaeus, 1758)University of Rhode Island. Common Periwinkle. Accessed June 30, 2013.

Thomas Nat's Cartoon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Thomas Nat's Cartoon - Essay Example He discovered the Uncle Sam character we now associate with the Federal government, and he even formulated what we know as the modern Santa Clause. Boss "Tweed" was a corrupt New York official on whom Tweed had set his sights. The results were most unflattering and might have been the draw that broke that eventually broke up the ring. Nast implemented certain advertising techniques use to discredit Boss Tweed. He represented him in dehumanizing icons along with poignant slogans. True, much of politics may be corrupt, but Nast publishing it in such stark manner is akin to "Reason Why" advertising. He created a need for people to act against political corruption in New York at the time. Nevertheless, some cartoons seem more effective than others. Some of the more effective are the one where everyone is pointing the finger, the one with the vulture caricatures, and the one with the city jail others are just hard to understand like the one money bag head and the one with the tiger. We have explored the role of advertising and the emergence of the political cartooning in America. Thomas Nast is the one credited with starting political satirist in the US. During the period immediately following the Civil War marked the beginning of a magazine boom, he unified these trends.